Absence of the E2 allele of apolipoprotein in Amerindians

Determination of the ApoE allele distribution in five South American Amerindian tribes revealed absence of the ApoE2 allele, accompanied by high ApoE3 and low ApoE4 allele frequencies for most tribes, a distribution only previously reported for the Inuit Eskimo from Greenland.

Memory-impairing effects of local anesthetics in an elevated plus-maze test in mice

Post-training intracerebroventricular administration of procaine (20 µg/µl) and dimethocaine (10 or 20 µg/µl), local anesthetics of the ester class, prolonged the latency (s) in the retention test of male and female 3-month-old Swiss albino mice (25-35 g body weight; N = 140) in the elevated plus-maze (mean ± SEM for 10 male mice: control = 41.2 ± 8.1; procaine = 78.5 ± 10.3; 10 µg/µl dimethocaine = 58.7 ± 12.3; 20 µg/µl dimethocaine = 109.6 ± 5.73; for 10 female mice: control = 34.8 ± 5.8; procaine = 55.3 ± 13.4; 10 µg/µl dimethocaine = 59.9 ± 12.3 and 20 µg/µl dimethocaine = 61.3 ± 11.1). However, lidocaine (10 or 20 µg/µl), an amide class type of local anesthetic, failed to influence this parameter. Local anesthetics at the dose range used did not affect the motor coordination of mice exposed to the rota-rod test. These results suggest that procaine and dimethocaine impair some memory process(es) in the plus-maze test. These findings are interpreted in terms of non-anesthetic mechanisms of action of these drugs on memory impairment and also confirm the validity of the elevated plus-maze for the evaluation of drugs affecting learning and memory in mice

Experimental anxiety and the reinforcing effects of ethanol in rats

In order to examine the relationship between anxiety and reinforcing effects of alcohol, drug-naive male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were classified as "anxious" and "non-anxious" in the elevated plus-maze test. A conditioned place preference test was then used to investigate the reinforcing effects of ethanol (EtOH) on these animals. On 2 alternate days, groups of "anxious", "non-anxious" and "normal" rats received intraperitoneal (ip) injections of EtOH (0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 g/kg) immediately before a 15-min confinement to the white compartment. On the 2 intervening days the same rats received ip injections of saline before confinement to the opposite compartment. On day 5, a 15-min free-choice test was carried out with no injections. Rats classified as "anxious" showed a significant, though not dose-dependent preference for all doses of ethanol compared to saline-treated animals. These data demonstrate that rats regarded as "anxious" are more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of EtOH than "non-anxious" and "normal" Wistar rats and emphasize the relevance of the basal levels of anxiety of rats when trying to detect the reinforcing effects of EtOH.

Protein-energy malnutrition halts hemopoietic progenitor cells in the G0/G1 cell cycle stage, thereby altering cell production rates

Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is a syndrome that often results in immunodeficiency coupled with pancytopenia. Hemopoietic tissue requires a high nutrient supply and the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of cells occur in a constant and balanced manner, sensitive to the demands of specific cell lineages and dependent on the stem cell population. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of PEM on some aspects of hemopoiesis, analyzing the cell cycle of bone marrow cells and the percentage of progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Two-month-old male Swiss mice (N = 7-9 per group) were submitted to PEM with a low-protein diet (4%) or were fed a control diet (20% protein) ad libitum. When the experimental group had lost about 20% of their original body weight after 14 days, we collected blood and bone marrow cells to determine the percentage of progenitor cells and the number of cells in each phase of the cell cycle. Animals of both groups were stimulated with 5-fluorouracil. Blood analysis, bone marrow cell composition and cell cycle evaluation was performed after 10 days. Malnourished animals presented anemia, reticulocytopenia and leukopenia. Their bone marrow was hypocellular and depleted of progenitor cells. Malnourished animals also presented more cells than normal in phases G0 and G1 of the cell cycle. Thus, we conclude that PEM leads to the depletion of progenitor hemopoietic populations and changes in cellular development. We suggest that these changes are some of the primary causes of pancytopenia in cases of PEM.

Impairment of the hematological response and interleukin-1β production in protein-energy malnourished mice after endotoxemia with lipopolysaccharide

The objectives of this study were to determine if protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) could affect the hematologic response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production, leukocyte migration, and blood leukocyte expression of CD11a/CD18. Two-month-old male Swiss mice were submitted to PEM (N = 30) with a low-protein diet (14 days) containing 4% protein, compared to 20% protein in the control group (N = 30). The total cellularity of blood, bone marrow, spleen, and bronchoalveolar lavage evaluated after the LPS stimulus indicated reduced number of total cells in all compartments studied and different kinetics of migration in malnourished animals. The in vitro migration assay showed reduced capacity of migration after the LPS stimulus in malnourished animals (45.7 ± 17.2 x 10(4) cells/mL) compared to control (69.6 ± 7.1 x 10(4) cells/mL, P ≤ 0.05), but there was no difference in CD11a/CD18 expression on the surface of blood leukocytes. In addition, the production of IL-1β in vivo after the LPS stimulus (180.7 pg·h-1·mL-1), and in vitro by bone marrow and spleen cells (41.6 ± 15.0 and 8.3 ± 4.0 pg/mL) was significantly lower in malnourished animals compared to control (591.1 pg·h-1·mL-1, 67.0 ± 23.0 and 17.5 ± 8.0 pg/mL, respectively, P ≤ 0.05). The reduced expression of IL-1β, together with the lower number of leukocytes in the central and peripheral compartments, different leukocyte kinetics, and reduced leukocyte migration capacity are factors that interfere with the capacity to mount an adequate immune response, being partly responsible for the immunodeficiency observed in PEM.

Anthocyanins standards (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside) isolation from freeze-dried açaí (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) by HPLC

Availability of analytical standards is a critical aspect in developing methods for quantitative analysis of anthocyanins. The anthocyanins cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside were isolated from samples of freeze-dried açaí (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.), which is a round and purple well-known palm fruit in Brazil, and then used as standards. The isolation of the anthocyanins was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), using an adapted six-channel selection valve. The identification of anthocyanin pigments in açaí was based on mass spectrometric data for molecular ions and MS-MS product ions and on previous published data. After the collection procedure, standards with a high purity grade were obtained and an external standard curve of each anthocyanin was plotted.

Preparação das subamostras, temperatura e período de secagem na determinação do grau de umidade de sementes de camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) McVaugh)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a preparação das subamostras (sementes inteiras e cortadas), temperaturas (80 e 105ºC) e períodos de secagem (12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 e 96 horas) na determinação do grau de umidade de sementes de camu-camu. Paralelamente, foi avaliado o número de sementes por quilograma, visando a utilização da tabela de tolerâncias máximas permitidas para as diferenças entre duas subamostras, e analisada a variação dos resultados de grau de umidade entre subamostras de lotes de sementes. Desse modo, foi verificado que o número de sementes por quilograma é inferior a 5000 unidades e que 33% dos lotes ultrapassaram as tolerâncias de grau de umidade admitidas pelas Regras de Análise de Sementes brasileiras. Por outro lado, não foi possível estabelecer o método mais apropriado à determinação do grau de umidade das sementes dessa espécie, mas foram considerados como inadequados a combinação sementes cortadas/temperatura de 105ºC, em qualquer período de exposição, e as combinações de sementes inteiras e de sementes cortadas na temperatura de 80ºC/12 horas de exposição.

Qualidade de diásporos de Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All. armazenados sob diferentes condições

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de diásporos de aroeira acondicionados em diferentes embalagens e armazenados em dois ambientes. Diásporos acondicionados em embalagem de lata e em sacos de polietileno, de papel e de malha de polietileno foram armazenados em câmara refrigerada por um condicionador de ar e em ambiente de sala. Após seis, 12, 18, 24 e 30 meses de armazenamento os diásporos foram avaliados pela germinação sobre papel e sobre areia, em laboratório, e pela emergência em areia e em substrato comercial, em casa de vegetação. Independentemente da embalagem, os diásporos armazenados em câmara até 30 meses mantiveram a viabilidade (54% a 73%) quando avaliados pela germinação sobre papel. Germinados sobre areia, a viabilidade se manteve até 18 meses em todas as embalagens; até 24 meses em lata e até 30 meses em saco de polietileno. O vigor foi mantido por seis meses com o uso de qualquer embalagem, detectado pela emergência em areia (56% a 65%) e em substrato comercial (67% a 75%). A partir deste período, o vigor diminuiu gradativamente até 30 meses, em menor intensidade para os diásporos mantidos em lata (46%) e em saco de polietileno (45%), em relação ao saco de papel (32%) e de malha (28%). Em ambiente de sala, com qualquer embalagem de acondicionamento, a germinação e o vigor foram reduzidos após seis meses de armazenamento, mas em menor intensidade para os diásporos mantidos em lata e em saco de polietileno. Após 12 meses de armazenamento a deterioração dos diásporos aumentou e após 18 meses foi completa. Durante o armazenamento, o substrato afetou a germinação, mas não afetou o vigor. O teste de condutividade elétrica e a massa de mil diásporos não foram adequados para avaliar a qualidade fisiológica dos diásporos de aroeira durante o armazenamento.

Novos modelos previdenciários na América Latina: lições da experiência Argentina

New pension programs in Latin America: lessons from the Argentinean experience. This work analyzes the political constraints of pension reform in Argentina. The first part presents a brief description of the development of pension programs in Latin America. Additionally, it also discusses the pension system crisis and the main proposals in order to overcome this crisis. The second part examines the peculiarities of the Argentine pension reform, with specific attention on economic imperatives and political constraints which have shaped the pension reform project of Menem´s Government (1989-1999). The article demonstrates that there are a large gap between the new system promises and its outcomes.

“Como Deus É Ciente em sua Essência Divina”: a Presciência de Deus em Santo Tomás de Aquino e no Livro da Contemplação (C. 1271-1273) de Ramon Llull

A proposta deste trabalho é analisar a concepção filosófica depresciência em Santo Tomás de Aquino e Ramon Llull, nas obrasSuma Teológicae O Livro da Contemplação. Para isso, discorremos previamente sobre o conceito deciência, base aristotélica tomista. Por fim, apresentamos a tradução (inédita) de um extrato doLivro da Contemplação, como base documental para a segunda parte do trabalho.