Airborne fungi in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Knowledge of anemophilous fungi in a given city or region is important for the ecological diagnosis and specific treatment of allergic manifestations induced by inhaled allergens. In order to diagnose the presence of anemophilous fungi, several qualitative and quantitative techniques are used depending on the study place. This study of fungal air spores was performed with a Rotorod Sampler®, an equipment which samples the air through a plastic rod attached to an electric engine that makes it spin fast enough to collect the particles in the air. The samples were collected once a week during 24 hours using the standard cycle of the manufacturers. A total of 52 samples were obtained from April 2000 through March 2001. The results revealed prevalence of ascosporos (50.49%), Cladosporium (17.86%), Aspergillus/Penicillium (15.03%), basidiosporos (3.84%), rusts (3.82%), and Helminthosporium (2.49%), and a lesser frequency of Botrytis (1.22%), Alternaria (1.19%), smuts (0.90%), Curvularia (0.87%), Nigrospora (0.61%), and Fusarium (0.08%). Also, 1.59% of the spores detected here could not be identified by the systematic key used. More fungal spores were observed during the summer than during the autumn.

Echinococcosis in southern Brazil: efforts toward implementation of a control program in Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul

This investigation aimed to design a strategy for echinococcosis control in Santana do Livramento county, an endemic area in state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Fecal samples from 65 dogs were obtained from urban, suburban and rural areas. Purging with Arecoline Bromhidrate (AB) was done to visualize Echinococcus granulosus, and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was performed to detect parasite coproantigen. Samples were obtained at the beginning and at the end of treatment with Praziquantel. A third fecal sampling was also done in rural areas four months after the end of treatment. Each dog was treated immediately after the first purging and every 30 days for eight months. In urban and suburban areas no infected dogs were found. In rural areas, first evaluation showed 11.36% and 27.69% of infected dogs by AB and ELISA, respectively. No infected dogs were diagnosed in the second evaluation and in the third evaluation 36.84% and 47.37% infected dogs were identified by AB and ELISA, respectively. Medication program to combat dog infection resulted in successful interruption of parasite transmission, but the project failed to create awareness of the need for dog prophylaxis among rural populations as well as to establish a permanent control program in this municipality.

Parasites in stool samples in the environment of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: an approach in public health

This research aimed to describe the frequency of parasites in stool samples in the environment of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. One hundred and five stool samples were collected and processed by the coproparasitological techniques ethyl acetate sedimentation and centrifuge-flotation using saturated sugar solution. Parasites were detected in 81.9% of the samples, hookworm being the most prevalent, followed by Trichuris vulpis. Ascaris sp. eggs were also found. A high level of evolutive forms of parasites with public health risk was found in stool samples of the environment studied. We propose that health education programs, allied to an improvement of human and animal health care, must be employed to reduce the environmental contamination.

Intestinal parasitism and socio-environmental factors among Mbyá-Guarani indians, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Disturbing data reveal the prevalence of intestinal parasites and their relationship with socio-environmental factors among Mbyá-Guarani Indians. The prevalence was determined by spontaneous sedimentation in water, centrifugation-floatation, and Kato-Katz. A socioeconomic questionnaire was submitted to each family. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 88.7%, and 45.5% were polyparasitized. There was 90.5% prevalence of enteric parasites in children (1-12- year-old), and 85% among 13-65-year-old individuals, indicating that both age groups are extensively parasitized. The parasite load was low to moderate for geohelminths and 75% of the families did not have latrine, thus the practice of defecation occurred outdoors. These findings suggest that the multiple intestinal parasitism in the Mbyá-Guarani community is high to the point of being the rule, and that it relates essentially to the traditional lifestyle and health habits. It is urgently necessary to implement the association of anti-parasitic treatment with sanitation improvement. This should be done simultaneously with health education activities for this population.

PREVALENCE OF Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar IN THE CITY OF CAMPINA GRANDE, IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

There is a clear need to perform epidemiological studies to find the true prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica around the world. The evaluation of this prevalence has been hindered by the existence of two different species which are morphologically identical, but genetically different, namely E. histolytica, which causes amebiasis, and E. dispar, which is non-pathogenic. In Brazil, the E. dispar has been detected in communities in the Southeastern (SE) and Northeastern (NE) regions with poor sanitation. However, individuals infected with E. histolytica have been identified in other regions. There is an absence of reports on the prevalence of these parasites in the state of Paraíba, which also has areas with poor sanitary conditions where a high prevalence of the E. histolytica/E. dispar complex has been detected in children from urban slums. The present study evaluated the prevalence of E. histolytica and E. dispar in 1,195 asymptomatic children between two and 10 years of age, living in a sprawling urban slum in Campina Grande, in the state of Paraíba, in Northeastern Brazil. These children were examined and their feces samples were analyzed microscopically. A total of 553 children tested positive for the E. histolytica/E. dispar complex, and 456 of the positive samples were tested with the E. histolytica II® ELISA kit. All 456 samples were negative for the presence of the adhesin E. histolytica specific antigen. The evidence suggests that in this community E. histolytica is absent and E. dispar is the dominant species.

Rhipicephalus sanguineus (ACARI: IXODIDAE) BITING A HUMAN BEING IN PORTOALEGRE CITY, RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRAZIL

We report the finding of a female brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) on the scalp of a male patient inPorto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Human parasitism by this tick is rare and has seldomly been reported in the literature, despite its recognized importance since it can act as a vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, the agent of spotted fever.

Levantamentos seccionais sobre a esquistossomose no Nordeste do Brasil: II. Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

Os autores apresentam os resultados de levantamentos seccionais sóbre a prevalência e a mortndade da esquistossomose mansônica no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Os levantamentos foram, feitos em 44 localidades, urbanas e rurais. A prevalência da esquistossomose e de outras helmintoses intestinais foi muito variável. As formas hépato-esplênicas da esquistossomose variaram de 0 a 4%.

Resultado parcial do xenodiagnóstico realizado em um grupo de pacientes serològicamente positivos para a doença de Chagas e internados no hospital São Pedro (de alienados), em Pôrto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Exames sorológicos de Imunofluorescència, Fixação do Complemento e Hemoaglutinação para a Doença de Chagas foram rezalidos em 1609 pacientes. Em 154 casos, as provas foram positivas, com um índice percentual de 9,57%. Posteriormente, 50 casos sorològicamente positivos foram submetidos ao xenodiagnústico. Os xeno-positivos revelaram um índice de 5,35% sobre o total de casos examinados e de 56% sôbre os sorològicamente positivos. Chama-se a atenção para a alta incidência de chagásicos no Hospital São Pedro, ao lado de outras considerações.

Health survey on the Ilha da Conceição, state of Rio de Janeiro: I. Study design and report of selected demographic and environmental characteristics

During July and August of 1968, a Health survey was conducted on the Ilha da Conceição, an area of Niterói containing approximately one thousand households. The survey was conducted by students from the Universidade Federal Fluminense and the University of Maryland, and was under the supervision of faculty of the Department of Tropical Medicine at U.F.F. and from the Department of Preventive Medicine at the University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. The survey was focused on a 25 percent random sample of the households on the island. Information was obtained from a responsible adult at each Household for completion of a Health questionnaire. Physical measurements, as well as laboratory study information were obtained from, all children in these households. A number of environmental sanitation problems were identified on the Ilha da Conceição. In addition, the survey indicated that approximately half the children had not been adequately immunized against diphteria, pertussis and typhoid. Preventable communicable diseases were the major cause of reported deaths which had occurred in infants ou Household members. The Health of the population on the Ilha da Conceição could well be enhanced by the development of an intelligence system indicating the immunization status of all children in the area. In addition a Health education program for the residents could well be beneficial for improvement of sanitary conditions on the island, as well as maternity and well baby care.

Health survey on the Ilha da Conceição, state of Rio de Janeiro, II: selected health characteristics in children

As part of the health survey on the Ilha da Conceição, a 25 percent random sample of households was identified and a health guestionnaire completed at 236 households. These households contained 536 children, of whom 239 were under age six. Prenatal care had been obtained by 70 percent of the mothers during the pregnancies of the youngest children and 83 percent of these children had been born in hospital. The use of available health facilities was reported more frequently for the younger children in comparison to the older children. Over 90 percent of the children had been vaccinated against one or more diseases but only 50 to 60 percent of the children had complete vaccination against pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus. Almost two-thirds of the stool specimens from the children revealed evidence of parasites and were most commonly found in children two to three years of age. Low hemoglobin values were found commonly under age three and hemoglobin leveis ábove 12 grams were not commonly found until age six. Compared with a North American standard for height and weight, proportionately more children on the Ilha da Conceição were found below the 25th and 3rd percentiles. These findings suggest that an improved health status for the children on the Ilha da Conceição would result from a household health record maintained at the island clinic including current information on vaccination status of all children, and a health education program focused on expectant mothers and the well baby clinic program.

Primeiros casos autóctones de esquistossomose mansônica na área da Grande Vitória

O autor, realizando exames coproscópicos em 202 crianças cujas idades variaram de 1 a 12 anos, autóctones da região, evidenciou a presença de três casos positivos para ovos de S. mansoni; inquéritos malacológicos estão sendo realizados em Vitória, sendo encontrados cercárias de S. mansoni.

Comparação entre o reagente Chagas-latex e a imunofluorescência no diagnóstico sorológico da doença de Chagas na zona sul do Rio Grande do Sul

Os Autores submeteram 142 amostras de soros de casos agudos e crônicos de Doença de Chagas, já examinados com o Reagente Chagas-Latex, ao exame de Imunofluorescência, obtendo correspondência de resultados em 139 (97,9%). O alto índice de fidelidade, provavelmente devido à ausência na zona de doenças que possam proporcionar resultados falsamente positivos, fez do Reagente Chagas-Latex um método simples e fácil para a triagem sorológica nos casos suspeitos em zona endêmica.

Prevalência sorológica da doença de chagas e correlação sorológico-eletrocardiográfica em populações não selecionadas do município de Encruzilhada do sul, Rio Grande do Sul

No mês de julho de 1974, no plano de estudo da endemia chagásica na Zona Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, foram colhidas 360 amostras de sangue e registrado igual número de eletrocardiogramas entre as populações rurais de 10 localidades do Município de Encruzilhada do Sul (R. G. do Sul). Dez amostras não puderam ser utilizadas por material insuficiente, anticomplementaridade etc. Das 350 submetidas à fixação de complemento, 104 reagiram positivamente para a Doença de Chagas (29,71%). Dos 350 eletrocardiogramas analisados, 116 apresentaram alterações de vários tipos (33,14%), sendo que 41 pertencem aos 104 indivíduos com sorologia positiva (39,42%) e 75 aos 246 indivíduos com sorologia negativa (30,46%) A diferença percentual de 8,94% entre os dois grupos não se mostrou estatisticamente significativa, Portanto a positividade sorológica parece não ser fator condicionante de um maior índice de alterações eletrocardiográficas, a exemplo do que acontece em outras zonas endêmicas. O Autor compara os resultados atuais com aqueles obtidos em 1954 por Brant e Cols. no mesmo Município, para concluir que neste intervalo de tempo houve um substancial aumento na prevalência sorológica e nas alterações eletrocardiográficas, sem que contudo se delineasse um maior índice de alterações nos indivíduos com positividade sorológica.

Comparação entre a fixação de complemento em placa, a hemoaglutinação e a prova de aglutinação com látex no diagnóstico sorológico da doença de chagas na zona do Rio Grande do Sul

Com a finalidade de avaliar o emprego do Antígeno Látex na triagem de pacientes portadores de infecção chagásica o mesmo foi comparado com a Fixação de Complemento em placa e com a Hemoaglutinação, em 3 grupos de soros: a) 920 soros procedentes de inquérito epidemiológicos; b) 131 soros procedentes de pacientes hospitalizados; c) 90 soros procedentes de pacientes hospitalizados e familiares; Os resultados mostraram baixos índices de co-positividade nos três grupos, evidenciando assim escassa sensibilidade por parte do antígeno Látex. Também a comparação entre a Hemoaglutinação e o Antígeno Látex, realizada nos 90 soros do grupo e evidenciou baixo índice de co-positividade. A conclusão dos Autores é que o Antígeno Látex, pela sua escassa sensibilidade, e conseqüente porcentagem de soros falsos negativos, não encontra indicação na triagem sorológica em inquérito epidemiológicos, e na triagem de pacientes hospitalizados.