359 resultados para Afinidades químicas
Resumo:
O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar física e físico-quimicamente frutos de 21 matrizes de pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes Kunth), visando a obter subsídios que permitam avançar com o programa de melhoramento genético, em especial para características da polpa do fruto. Os frutos provenientes de diferentes genótipos foram caracterizados quanto à dimensão dos frutos e caroço, umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas, fibras e carotenoides totais. Os resultados obtidos para as diferentes variáveis analisadas demonstraram diferenças entre os frutos obtidos de diferentes genótipos. A análise de proteínas apresentou valores que variaram de 4,20 a 6,79%, com destaque para a matriz B04-P20, que apresentou o maior valor. Para lipídeos, os teores variaram bastante, com valores entre 8,25 e 40,83%, destacando-se a matriz B02-P30 com o maior teor de lipídeos. Os teores de carotenoides totais das matrizes de pupunheira variaram de 8,02 a 124,90µg/g, com destaque para as matrizes B02-P30 (124,90µg/g) e B05-P45 (123,04µg/g), indicando que a pupunha pode contribuir de maneira importante na ingestão de antioxidantes na dieta. De maneira geral, as análises físicas e físico-químicas dos frutos mostraram diferenças significativas entre as matrizes para os caracteres estudados, evidenciando ser um conjunto geneticamente promissor para a prática da seleção.
Resumo:
Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a diversidade genética intra e interespecífica de 21 acessos de duas espécies de pitaya, Hylocereus undatus (Haw) Britton & Rose e Selenicereus setaceus Salm-Dyck. A. Bereger ex Werderm., com base nas características físico-químicas dos frutos. Foram avaliadas as características: comprimento, diâmetro, sólidos solúveis, massa total da casca e da polpa dos frutos. Com base na média das características físico-químicas de cada acesso, foram calculados índices de distância genética entre cada par de acessos com base na distância euclidiana média padronizada. A partir da matriz de distâncias genéticas, realizaram-se análises de agrupamento por meio de dendograma e dispersão gráfica baseada em escalas multidimensionais. As variáveis analisadas apresentaram diferentes contribuições relativas para a diversidade genética. O diâmetro do fruto foi a variável que teve maior contribuição no índice de diversidade genética (27,45 %), seguido pela massa total do fruto (25,43 %) e pela massa da polpa do fruto (24,67 %). As distâncias genéticas entre os 21 acessos de pitaya variaram entre 2,2 e 540,1. A análise de agrupamento permitiu subdividir os 21 acessos em dois grupos de similaridade genética, Hylocereus e Selenicereus, a uma distância genética relativa de 100. As características físico-químicas dos frutos evidenciaram alta diversidade genética entre os acessos das espécies H. undatus e S. setaceus.
Resumo:
A industrialização de frutas permite que os consumidores usufruam seus benefícios funcionais; porém, na maioria das vezes, o processamento produz resíduos industriais que normalmente não são aproveitados. Desta forma, o bagaço do mirtilo é um subproduto da fermentação que geralmente é desprezado na natureza, originando poluição ambiental. Este trabalho objetivou a caracterização físico-química, a determinação da atividade antioxidante, antocianinas e polifenóis do fruto de mirtilo, bagaço de mirtilo proveniente da produção de bebidas fermentadas e da farinha obtida deste bagaço, bem como as propriedades funcionais tecnológicas e a estabilidade microbiológica destas farinhas. As farinhas do fruto e do bagaço foram obtidas a partir da desidratação em estufa a 60 ºC, por 36 h, e moídos em micromoinho refrigerado a 4 ºC. As características físico-químicas foram verificadas a partir das análises de umidade, proteína, lipídeos, cinzas, acidez, pH e sólidos solúveis. A atividade antioxidante foi determinada pelo método DPPH, e os polifenóis totais, pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu. Os resultados demonstram que tanto o mirtilo quanto o bagaço possuem elevado conteúdo de água. O mirtilo apresentou 61,67 mg/100 g em antocianinas, 431,43 mg EAG/100 g em polifenóis e 3,83 mg/mL de atividade antioxidante, enquanto o bagaço obteve 57,32 mg/100 g; 297,20 mg EAG/100 g; 5,61 mg/mL, respectivamente. As farinhas apresentaram estabilidade microbiológica durante o armazenamento e propriedades funcionais tecnológicas adequadas, possibilitando a geração de novos produtos. Portanto, o aproveitamento de resíduos industriais de mirtilo fermentado apresenta vantagens de agregar valor e minimizar o impacto no meio ambiente.
Resumo:
The sesquiterpene (+)-allo-aromadendrane-10b-14-diol 1 was the lead compound to the preparation of several derivatives in order to test their biological activity against A. salina, C. sphaerospermum, E. coli and S. aureus. In this way the monoalcohols (+)-viridiflorol 4, 9 and 11 were synthesized from 1 together with the acetal 6, the ketal 7, and the ketone 8. The oxirane 3 and nitrile 5 were also prepared using as an intermediate the tosylate derivative 2.
Resumo:
Metabolic rates were determined by dissolved oxigen changes in light and dark bottles, filled with river water and after input of mixed effluent concentrations. In another experiment, dissolved inorganic nutrients, chlorophyll-alpha and other physico-chemical parameters were analyzed. Water column showed higher decomposition than production rates. Waste inputs increased primary production rates, but in higher concentrations forced the system to heterotrophy. The natural richness of macrophytes and macroalgae could be limiting the phytoplanktonic production by phosphorus assimilation. Observation of the nitrogenated inorganic nutrients suggest that the natural pelagic system is directed to nitrification. Mixed waste input inverted this trend, toward denitrification.
Resumo:
Unusual chemical phenomenon associated with ultrasound is on account of cavitation effect. The ultrasound increase the rate and yield of chemical reaction on account of its ability to emulsify liquids. When the ultrasound is used in metallic catalyst reaction the activity of catalyst is increased because the ultrasound clean the surface of catalyst. Sonogels have a fine porosity and large specific surface improving different properties. This paper deals with ultrasound phenomenon and gives some examples of reactions and properties where this radiation takes an important role.
Resumo:
This paper proposes a model for visual communication, conservation, and maintenance of the collection "Chemical Abstracts". It describes the various steps for its implementation and makes considerations about the whole reference work.
Resumo:
Molecular oxygen, in the first excited state (singlet oxygen, ¹O2), has a substantial reactivity towards electron-rich organic molecules, such as biological targets, including unsaturated fatty acids, proteins, RNA and DNA. Considering the complexity of biological systems and the great variety of reactive species generated by photochemistry, efforts have been devoted to develop suitable ¹O2 generators based on the thermolysis of water soluble naphthalene endoperoxides. These compounds are chemically inert and have been employed as versatile sources of ¹O2. The synthesis is based on structural modifications in position 1,4 of dimethylnaphtalene, grafting hydrophilic substituents. The correspondent endoperoxide can be generated using photochemical method, or molybdate-catalyzed disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide.
Resumo:
Ionic liquids, in specially those based on the 1,3-dialkylimidazolium cation, have been receiving special attention in differents areas due to their interesting physical-chemical properties. In this work, some aspects of their structure (in both solid and liquid state) and its relationships with their properties are reviewed.
Resumo:
Composting of sawdust and paper mill sludge, using a "Kneer" process reactor, was studied in an attempt to elaborate upon organic matter (OM) transformation during the process and to define parameters to measure the compost maturity level. Temperature, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data, ash and C, H, N and S contents, and a spectroscopic method using ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) for alkaline (pH = 8.5) and solid samples was used to study the maturity of the compost samples. These parameters were measured in 6 humic acids (HA) extracted from the compost samples during 29 days. The results of this work show that the "Kneer" process is efficient in transforming ligno-celulitic residues in a short time (29 days), into an organic fertilizer material with application perspectives.
Resumo:
The different conformations of porphyrin rings are strongly related with the electronic configurations of the metallic center in the ferriheme coordination compounds and heme proteins. The usual electronic configuration, (d xy)²(d xz,d yz )³ presents a planar conformation of the porphyrin ring and the less common electronic configuration (d xz,d yz)4(d xy )¹ occurs in the case of a strongly ruffled ring. These states are responsible for distinct chemical and spectroscopic properties of the porphyrin systems. The importance of the ring conformations, their characteristics, implications and applications are discussed.
Resumo:
Bisphosphonates are drugs that have been widely used in different bone diseases, and have recently been used successfully against many parasites. Various synthetic routes to prepare different types of bisphosphonates have been described, with distinct potency and pharmacological activity. A number of analytical techniques are currently being used to analyze these drugs; among these, the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with different systems of detection, is worth highlighting. However, the development of more sensitive methods is still necessary, once they are essential for bioavailability and bioequivalence studies. This paper reports the major synthesis routes, chemical analysis methodologies and pharmacological applications of bisphosphonates.
Resumo:
The use of organoantimonial complexes in the therapeutic of leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis has been limited mainly by the need for daily parenteral administration, their adverse side-effects and the appearance of drug resistance. Liposome encapsulation has been so far the most effective means to improve the efficacy of pentavalent antimonials against visceral leishmaniasis. Pharmacologically- and pharmaceutically-acceptable liposomal compositions are still being investigated through manipulation of preparation method, lipid composition and vesicle size. Recently, the encapsulation of a trivalent antimonial within "stealth" liposomes was found to reduce its acute toxicity and effectively deliver this compound to the parasite in experimental schistosomiasis.
Resumo:
The aim of this study is to determine the influence of frying time on the alterations of sunflower, corn and soybean oils during deep fat frying of potato chips. The analytical methods used to evaluate the oil alterations are: free fatty acids, peroxide value, refractive index and total polar compounds. An increase of free fatty acids, refractive index and total polar compounds with frying time were observed. The different behaviors observed for the three vegetables oils can be explained by the differences in the initial composition and quality of them.
Resumo:
The ONIOM method was used to calculate the proton affinities (PA) of n-alkylamines (CnH2n+1NH2, n = 3 to 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18). The calculations were carried out at several levels (HF, MP2, B3LYP, QCISD(T), ...) using Pople basis sets and at the QCISD(T) level using basis sets developed by the generator coordinate method (GCM) and adapted to effective core potentials. PAs were also obtained through the GCM and high level methods, like ONIOM[QCISD(T)/6-31+G(2df,p):MP2/6-31G+G(d,p))//ONIOM[MP2/6-31+G(d,p):HF/6-31G]. The average error using the GCM, with respect to experimental data, was 3.4 kJ mol-1.