Eficácia de herbicidas graminicidas aplicados em pré-emergência no sistema de semeadura direta do milho

A produtividade do milho tem sido diminuida pela interferência com plantas daninhas durante o período crítico de prevenção da interferência (PCPI). Foi desenvolvido um experimento na EEA/UFRGS em Eldorado do Sul, RS, na safra de 1998/99, com objetivo de avaliar a eficácia de herbicidas graminicidas, aplicados em pré-emergência, no controle de Brachiaria plantaginea (BRAPL) no sistema de semeadura direta do milho. O híbrido utilizado foi AG 5011 numa população de 70.000 plantas/ha. Os tratamentos foram 5 herbicidas com 2 doses, além de testemunha capinada e testemunha sem controle. Os herbicidas com as respectivas doses (kg i. a. ha-1) foram, acetochlor (3,0 e 4,0), metolachlor (2,5 e 3,0), trifluralin (3,0 e 4,0), pendimethalin (2,5 e 3,0) e isoxaflutole (0,06 e 0,07 g i. a. ha-1). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com 4 repetições. Avaliou-se o nível de controle, população e produção de matéria seca das plantas de BRAPL e rendimento de grãos do milho. A infestação de 117 plantas/m2 de BRAPL reduziu em 80 % o rendimento de grãos do milho. Quanto maior a produção de matéria seca da BRAPL, durante o PCPI, mais intenso foi seu efeito sobre o rendimento da cultura. Os herbicidas reduziram a infestação e aumentaram o rendimento do milho em relação à testemunha sem controle. Os melhores controles de BRAPL foram obtidos com isoxaflutole e, de modo geral, com a dose mais elevada. O rendimento do milho foi negativamente correlacionado com a população e produção de matéria seca das plantas daninhas, indicando que redução no número de plantas de BRAPL, aumentam o rendimento do milho.

Atividade da acetolactato sintase de plantas de milho e de amendoim-bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla) resistentes e suscetíveis ao imazaquin

O amendoim-bravo, (Euphorbia heterophylla) é uma importante planta daninha em mais de 56 países, inclusive no Brasil, onde tem sido relatado o aparecimento de populações resistentes aos herbicidas inibidores da acetolactato sintase (ALS). O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do herbicida imazaquin na atividade da ALS extraída das plantas de milho e amendoim-bravo, resistentes e suscetíveis ao produto. Sementes de dois genótipos de milho e vários biótipos de amendoim-bravo provenientes de diferentes regiões agrícolas brasileiras foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação por 21 dias. A atividade da ALS extraída das folhas das plantas foi determinada na presença de doses de imazaquin. A etapa de purificação da enzima foi substituída por uma centrifugação de 2.800 rpm por dois minutos. Equações de regressão linear para absorbância em função do log da concentração de imazaquin foram ajustadas para cada população, visando obtenção do I50. A dose de imazaquin necessária para inibir 50% da atividade da ALS (I50) na variedade de milho Pioneer 3162 IR (I50 260 µM) foi 4.333 vezes maior que a dose requerida pela BRS 473 (0,06 µM), a qual é suscetível ao imazaquin. Os biótipos de amendoim-bravo provenientes do Rio Grande do Sul apresentaram valores de I50 de 1.961,3 e 13,8 mM para os biótipos resistentes e suscetíveis, respectivamente. Os biótipos provenientes de Cafelândia e Maringá (PR) e Viçosa (MG) apresentaram valores de I50 maiores que 5.000 mM para os biótipos resistentes e maiores que 1.000 mM para os suscetíveis. O amendoim-bravo coletado na Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, em área que nunca foi tratada com herbicidas inibidores da ALS, apresentou I50 de 12,2 mM. Conclui-se que a medida in vitro da atividade da ALS é um método sensível para determinação da presença de biótipos resistentes à ação do herbicida imazaquin. A etapa de purificação da ALS pode ser substituída por um método que envolve uma rápida centrifugação.

Persistência e lixiviação de ametryn e trifloxysulfuron-sodium em solo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento da mistura comercial ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium em área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar, em relação ao seu potencial de lixiviação e persistência no ambiente. A área sobre Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico foi dividida em duas subáreas, nas quais foram cultivadas as variedades de cana SP 791011 e SP 801816. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelas aplicações em pré e pós-emergência da mistura comercial dos herbicidas nos anos de 2003 e 2003/2004, sendo realizadas quatro amostragens de solo em duas profundidades (0 a 0,10 m e 0,10 a 0,20 m). Na avaliação dos resíduos, utilizaram-se os métodos de bioensaio e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Ambos os métodos foram satisfatórios nas avaliações dos resíduos da mistura comercial, embora a utilização do bioensaio não tenha permitido a avaliação dos compostos separadamente. Pelos dados da análise simultânea de ametryn e trifloxysulfuron-sodium por CLAE, verificou-se que a maioria dos resíduos de ametryn permaneceu na camada de 0 a 0,10 m de profundidade do solo, com persistência superior a 180 dias após a aplicação (DAA), em solo pulverizado, em 2003/2004. Resíduos de ametryn também foram constatados, na profundidade de 0,10 a 0,20 m do solo, para as aplicações realizadas em 2003/2004, enfatizando-se os riscos de lixiviação e contaminação de águas com esse herbicida. Nas aplicações realizadas somente em 2003 não se constatou efeito residual significativo aos 490 DAA. Diferenças residuais nas subáreas cultivadas com as variedades SP 791011 e SP 801816 foram atribuídas aos diferentes teores de argila e matéria orgânica do solo. Não foram detectados resíduos de trifloxysulfuron-sodium em nenhuma época de coleta do solo, sendo isso justificado pelo fato de o limite de quantificação por CLAE (0,06 mg L-1) estar acima da dose utilizada desse herbicida (37 g ha-1).

Biomassa de Egeria densa nos reservatórios da hidroelétrica de Paulo Afonso-Bahia

Com o objetivo de conhecer a produção de biomassa de Egeria densa, foi monitorado o crescimento de 50 ápices de diferentes plantas, em três reservatórios situados na cidade de Paulo Afonso-BA. Os ápices inicialmente medidos receberam uma marcação e foram coletados após 15 dias. O material foi conduzido ao laboratório para medição da biomassa, após secagem a 70 ºC. De todos os meses analisados, observou-se nas estações de Taquari e Moxotó maior crescimento em maio/99, com médias de 9,14 ± 3,6 e 4,2 ± 2,1 cm/ápice/15 dias, respectivamente, assim como na estação de Quebra em maio/98 (11,3 ± 5,3 cm/ápice/15 dias), correspondendo ao período chuvoso. A biomassa também apresentou produções máximas no período chuvoso, com 0,26 ± 0,17, 0,41 ± 0,06 e 0,10 ± 0,5 g MS/ápice/15 dias nas estações de Taquari, Quebra e Moxotó, respectivamente. E. densa demonstrou ter capacidade de acumular grande quantidade de massa seca, sobretudo no período de maior precipitação, quando geralmente ocorre maior disponibilidade de nutrientes.

Seed bank from soil of coffee plantations associated with grevillea trees

This study aimed to study the composition and dynamics of seed bank from soil of coffee plantations associated with grevilea trees in the experimental fields of the Southwest Bahia State University, on Vitória da Conquista campus. The experiments were carried out from September 2006 to May 2007. The coffee trees (Coffea arabica) were sown at three x one m spacing, associated with grevillea trees (Grevillea robusta) and maintained at densities of 277, 139, 123, 69, 62 and 31 plants ha-1, under direct sunlight. One hundred grams of soil were taken from each treatment with four repetitions and later identified and counted with a 10x magnifying glass. To determine seedling emergence, four soil samples of 1000 g were collected from each experimental field and transported to the greenhouse. Seedling emergence was observed by counts after 15, 30 and 45 days. The experimental design was randomized blocks of seven treatments (soil from different tree densities) and four replicates; the experimental unit consisted of a plastic tray (0, 30 x 0.22 x 0.06 m) containing 1.000 g of soil. The variables utilized to characterize the bank and its dynamics were: relative frequency, relative density, relative abundance, importance index and species diversity (Shannon-Weaver index).Increased number of monocotyledon seeds and sprouts were verified in the treatments maintained under full sunlight.

Temperatura cardeal e potencial hídrico na germinação de sementes de corda-de-viola (Ipomoea triloba)

O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o efeito da temperatura e da umidade na germinação e na emergência de corda-de-viola (Ipomoea triloba) e determinar o efeito de potenciais hídricos e de temperaturas na germinação de sementes e na elongação do hipocótilo e da radícula dessa espécie. Avaliaram-se os termoperíodos de 9,3 e 5 (7,5); 14,3 e 10 (12,5); 19,3 e 15 (17,5); 24,3 e 20 (22,5); 29,3 e 25 (27,5); 34,3 e 30 (32,5); 39,2 e 35 (37,5) e 44,2; 40 (42,5); e 49,2 e 45 (47,5) ºC, alternando-se durante 14 e 10 horas, e os potenciais hídricos de 0, -0,03, -0,06, -0,1, -0,2, -0,4, -0,6 e -0,9 MPa. A germinação de corda-de-viola foi descrita pela interação da temperatura e do potencial hídrico, e a taxa de elongação da radícula e do hipocótilo, em função da temperatura. Os parâmetros do modelo usado para estimar as temperaturas cardeais e o potencial hídrico base foram determinados por "probit" análise, para a germinação. Em se tratando dos processos de elongação, as temperaturas cardeais foram determinadas por regressão linear, e suas respostas à temperatura, descritas por equação de regressão de segunda ordem. Os modelos matemáticos usados descreveram os processos de germinação e elongação do hipocótilo e da radícula dessa espécie em termos de tempo hidrotérmico e temperatura, respectivamente.

Chemical control of different Digitaria insularis populations and management of a glyphosate-resistant population

This study aimed to control different populations of Digitaria insularisby glyphosate herbicide, isolated and mixed, besides the combination of methods (chemical and mechanical) to manage resistant adult plants. Three experiments were conducted, one in pots which were maintained under non-controlled conditions and two under field conditions. In the experiment in pots, twelve populations of D. insularis were sprayed with isolated glyphosate (1.44 and 2.16 kg a.e. ha-1) and mixed (1.44 and 2.16 kg a.e. ha-1) with quizalofop-p tefuryl (0.12 kg i.a. ha-1). The treatment of 1.44 kg a.e. ha-1 of glyphosate plus 0.12 kg a.i. ha-1 of quizalofop was sufficient for adequate control (>95%) of all populations. Population 11 (area of grain production in Itumbiara, GO) was considered sensitive to glyphosate. Others populations were moderately sensitive or tolerant to the herbicide. In the field, the plants of D. insularis of one of the experiments were mowed and, in the other, there were not. Eight treatments with herbicides [isolated glyphosate (1.44 and 2.16 kg a.e. ha-1) and mixed (1.44 and 2.16 kg a.e. ha-1) with quizalofop-p-tefuryl at 0.12 kg a.i. ha-1), clethodim at 0.108 kg a.i. ha-1) or nicosulfuron at 0.06 kg a.i. ha-1)] were assessed, in combination with or without sequential application of the standard treatment, sprayed 15 days after the first application. The combination of the mechanic control with the application of glyphosate (2.16 and 1.44 kg a.e. ha-1) plus quizalofop-p-tefuryl (0.12 kg a.i. ha-1) or clethodim (0.108 kg a.i. ha-1), associated to the sequential application, was the most effective strategy for the management of adult plants of resistant D. insularis.

Grass Weeds Interfering with Eucalypt: Effects of the Distance of Coexistence on the Initial Plant Growth

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the initial plant growth of Eucalyptus urograndis growing in coexistence with Urochloa decumbens and U. ruziziensis. In 100-L box, one plant of U. decumbens or U. ruziziensis grew in coexistence with one plant of E. urograndis clones C219H or H15, respectively, in the distances of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 cm from the crop. After 30, 60, 90 (both clones), and 150 days (just for H15), growth characteristics were evaluated. Plants of both clones, growing in weed-free situations, showed a better growth and development than plants that grew in weedy situations, independently of the distance, having the highest plant height, stem diameter, dry mass of stem, and dry mass of leaves. As the same way, the number of branches, number of leaves, and leaf area of the clone C219H were similarly affected. Urochloa ruziziensis reduced the dry mass accumulation of stem and leaves by the rate of 0.06 and 0.32 g per plant, respectively, per each centimeter growing nearest to the crop, while U. decumbens reduced by 0.03 and 0.14 g per plant. The interference of U. decumbens and U. ruziziensis with E. urograndis is more intense when weedy plants grow in short distances from the crop.

Brazilian soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. cultivars adapted to low latitude regions: seed composition and content of bioactive proteins

Among the goals of the Brazilian soybean improvement programmes, the breeding strategies for cultivars adapted to low latitudes have been included to extend crop areas and to increase production. Seeds of nine Brazilian soybean cultivars adapted to low latitudes were investigated regarding to their composition, and amino acid and antinutritional/toxic protein contents. Protein (394.5 ± 13.1 to 445.3 ± 8.0 g kg-1 dry matter) and oil (200.6 ± 1.2 to 232.3 ± 4.7 g kg-1 dry matter) contents showed low correlation to each other (r = -0.06). The total carbohydrate (141.7 ± 6.1 to 211.1 ± 15.0 g kg-1 dry matter) and ash contents (48.2 ± 4.2 to 52.2 ± 0.5 g kg-1 dry matter) were similar to data available for other soybean cultivars. All soybean cultivars presented low levels of tryptophan and sulphur amino acids. The lectin (1,152 to 147,456 HU kg-1 flour), trypsin inhibitor (34.45 ± 2.28 to 77.62 ± 2.63 g trypsin inhibited kg-1 flour), toxin (6,210 ± 134 to 34,650 ± 110 LD50 kg-1 flour) and urease (0.74 ± 0.02 to 1.22 ± 0.10 g kg¹ flour) presented variations in their contents amongst the cultivars. Compared to other soybean cultivars, urease was higher, the acute toxicity lower and the lectin and trypsin inhibitor contents similar to data available. In general, soybean cultivars showed similar biochemical composition to those developed in different geographic regions. The relevance of these findings to the agronomic features and to choice of soybean cultivars to be used as food or feed is discussed.

Variation in nitrogen use strategies and photosynthetic pathways among vascular epiphytes in the Brazilian Central Amazon

The variation in nitrogen use strategies and photosynthetic pathways among vascular epiphyte families was addressed in a white-sand vegetation in the Brazilian Central Amazon. Foliar nitrogen and carbon concentrations and their isotopic composition (δ15N and δ13C, respectively) were measured in epiphytes (Araceae, Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae) and their host trees. The host tree Aldina heterophylla had higher foliar N concentration and lower C:N ratio (2.1 ± 0.06% and 23.6 ± 0.8) than its dwellers. Tree foliar δ15N differed only from that of the orchids. Comparing the epiphyte families, the aroids had the highest foliar N concentration and lowest C:N ratios (1.4 ± 0.1% and 34.9 ± 4.2, respectively). The orchids had more negative foliar δ15N values (-3.5 ± 0.2‰) than the aroids (-1.9 ± 0.7‰) and the bromeliads (-1.1 ± 0.6‰). Within each family, aroid and orchid taxa differed in relation to foliar N concentrations and C:N ratios, whereas no internal variation was detected within bromeliads. The differences in foliar δ15N observed herein seem to be related to the differential reliance on the available N sources for epiphytes, as well as to the microhabitat quality within the canopy. In relation to epiphyte foliar δ13C, the majority of epiphytes use the water-conserving CAM-pathway (δ13C values around -17‰), commonly associated with plants that live under limited and intermittent water supply. Only the aroids and one orchid taxon indicated the use of C3-pathway (δ13C values around -30‰).

Synergistic effect of glucose and prolactin on GLUT2 expression in cultured neonatal rat islets

We studied the synergistic effect of glucose and prolactin (PRL) on insulin secretion and GLUT2 expression in cultured neonatal rat islets. After 7 days in culture, basal insulin secretion (2.8 mM glucose) was similar in control and PRL-treated islets (1.84 ± 0.06% and 2.08 ± 0.07% of the islet insulin content, respectively). At 5.6 and 22 mM glucose, insulin secretion was significantly higher in PRL-treated than in control islets, achieving 1.38 ± 0.15% and 3.09 ± 0.21% of the islet insulin content in control and 2.43 ± 0.16% and 4.31 ± 0.24% of the islet insulin content in PRL-treated islets, respectively. The expression of the glucose transporter GLUT2 in B-cell membranes was dose-dependently increased by exposure of the islet to increasing glucose concentrations. This effect was potentiated in islets cultured for 7 days in the presence of 2 µg/ml PRL. At 5.6 and 10 mM glucose, the increase in GLUT2 expression in PRL-treated islets was 75% and 150% higher than that registered in the respective control. The data presented here indicate that insulin secretion, induced by different concentrations of glucose, correlates well with the expression of the B-cell-specific glucose transporter GLUT2 in pancreatic islets

Dose-dependent effects of 17-ß-estradiol on pituitary thyrotropin content and secretion in vitro

We studied the basal and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (50 nM) induced thyrotropin (TSH) release in isolated hemipituitaries of ovariectomized rats treated with near-physiological or high doses of 17-ß-estradiol benzoate (EB; sc, daily for 10 days) or with vehicle (untreated control rats, OVX). One group was sham-operated (normal control). The anterior pituitary glands were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium, pH 7.4, at 37oC in an atmosphere of 95% O2/5% CO2. Medium and pituitary TSH was measured by specific RIA (NIDDK-RP-3). Ovariectomy induced a decrease (P<0.05) in basal TSH release (normal control = 44.1 ± 7.2; OVX = 14.7 ± 3.0 ng/ml) and tended to reduce TRH-stimulated TSH release (normal control = 33.0 ± 8.1; OVX = 16.6 ± 2.4 ng/ml). The lowest dose of EB (0.7 µg/100 g body weight) did not reverse this alteration, but markedly increased the pituitary TSH content (0.6 ± 0.06 µg/hemipituitary; P<0.05) above that of OVX (0.4 ± 0.03 µg/hemipituitary) and normal rats (0.46 ± 0.03 µg/hemipituitary). The intermediate EB dose (1.4 µg/100 g body weight) induced a nonsignificant tendency to a higher TSH response to TRH compared to OVX and a lower response compared to normal rats. Conversely, in the rats treated with the highest dose (14 µg/100 g body weight), serum 17-ß-estradiol was 17 times higher than normal, and the basal and TRH-stimulated TSH release, as well as the pituitary TSH content, was significantly (P<0.05) reduced compared to normal rats and tended to be even lower than the values observed for the vehicle-treated OVX group, suggesting an inhibitory effect of hyperestrogenism. In conclusion, while reinforcing the concept of a positive physiological regulatory role of estradiol on the TSH response to TRH and on the pituitary stores of the hormone, the present results suggest an inhibitory effect of high levels of estrogen on these responses

pH titration of native and unfolded ß-trypsin: evaluation of the D D G0 titration and the carboxyl pK values

The stabilizing free energy of ß-trypsin was determined by hydrogen ion titration. In the pH range from 3.0 to 7.0, the change in free energy difference for the stabilization of the native protein relative to the unfolded one (D D G0 titration) was 9.51 ± 0.06 kcal/mol. An isoelectric point of 10.0 was determined, allowing us to calculate the Tanford and Kirkwood electrostatic factor w. This factor presented a nonlinear behavior and indicated more than one type of titratable carboxyl groups in ß-trypsin. In fact, one class of carboxyl group with a pK = 3.91 ± 0.01 and another one with a pK = 4.63 ± 0.03 were also found by hydrogen ion titration of the protein in the folded state

Gender differences in the activities of aspirin-esterases in rat tissues

The activities of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)-esterases were measured in several tissues (liver, kidney, adrenal glands, brain and serum) from adult male and female Wistar rats. In males, both aspirin-esterase I (assayed at pH 5.5) and II (assayed at pH 7.4) activities were higher in liver homogenates when compared to females (aspirin-esterase I: males 48.9 ± 4.8 (N = 8) and females 29.3 ± 4.2 (N = 8) nmol of salicylic acid formed min-1 mg protein-1; aspirin-esterase II: males 41.4 ± 4.1 (N = 8) and females 26.1 ± 4.5 (N = 8) nmol of salicylic acid formed min-1 mg protein-1, P<0.001). In serum, enzyme activity was higher in females than in males (aspirin-esterase I: males 0.85 ± 0.06 (N = 6) and females 1.18 ± 0.11 (N = 6) nmol of salicylic acid formed min-1 mg protein-1; aspirin-esterase II: males 1.03 ± 0.13 (N = 6) and females 1.34 ± 0.11 (N = 6) nmol of salicylic acid formed min-1 mg protein-1, P<0.001). In the other tissues assayed, no statistically significant difference between males and females was found. There were no statistically significant differences when the enzymes were assayed in different phases of the estrous cycle in liver and serum. These results show that the differences in aspirin-esterase activity observed between males and females are not due to the estrous cycle. The gender difference obtained in our study may indicate an involvement of gonadal hormones in the control of the hydrolysis of aspirin. This possibility is currently under investigation.

The hemolytic component of cancer anemia: effects of osmotic and metabolic stress on the erythrocytes of rats bearing multifocal inoculations of the Walker 256 tumor

Cancer anemia is classified as an anemia of chronic diseases, although it is sometimes the first symptom of cancer. Cancer anemia includes a hemolytic component, important in the terminal stage when even transfused cells are rapidly destroyed. The presence of a chronic component and the terminal complications of the illness limit studies of the hemolytic component. A multifocal model of tumor growth was used here to simulate the terminal metastatic dissemination stage (several simultaneous inoculations of Walker 256 cells). The hemolytic component of anemia began 3-4 days after inoculation in 100% of the rats and progressed rapidly thereafter: Hb levels dropped from 14.9 ± 0.02 to 8.7 ± 0.06 from days 7 to 11 (~5 times the physiologically normal rate in rats) in the absence of bleeding. The development of anemia was correlated (r2 = 0.86) with the development of other systemic effects such as anorexia. There was a significant decrease in the osmotic fragility of circulating erythrocytes: the NaCl concentration causing 50% lysis was reduced from 4.52 ± 0.06 to 4.10 ± 0.01 (P<0.01) on day 7, indicating a reduction in erythrocyte volume. However, with mild metabolic stress (4-h incubation at 37oC), the erythrocytes showed a greater increase in osmotic fragility than the controls, suggesting marked alteration of erythrocyte homeostasis. These effects may be due to primary plasma membrane alterations (transport and/or permeability) and/or may be secondary to metabolic changes. This multifocal model is adequate for studying the hemolytic component of cancer anemia since it is rapid, highly reproducible and causes minimal animal suffering.