Infecção natural de Equus caballus por Leishmania sp - São Paulo, Brasil (Breve comunicação científica)

E assinalado, pela primeira vez, o encontro de um cavalo (Equus caballus) infeclado por Leishmania sp, no Estado de São Paulo.

Human parasitism by Phagicola sp (Trematoda, Heterophyidae) in Cananéia, São Paulo State, Brazil

We report one case of parasitism by Phagicola sp. (Trematoda, Heterophyidae) in a 31 years-old woman who, in 1987, travelled and stayed several months in the municipality of Cananéia (SP), where she ingested, in various occasions, raw mullet (Mugil sp.). The patient refered mild intestinal pain and laboratory examinations showed eggs of Phagicola sp. in the stools and a slight increase in eosinophil blood levels (8%). After treatment with praziquantel (75 mg/kg per day for three days) all the symptoms and signs disappeared. This is, certainly, the first record of human infection by Phagicola sp. in Brazil and, perhaps, in countries other than the U.S.A. where unclear references to a few human cases were reported in the South-eastern region.

Environmental contamination by Toxocara sp. eggs in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil

Toxocariasis is a zoonosis mainly caused by Toxocara canis, an intestinal nematode of dogs. Man acquires the infection through accidental ingestion of viable eggs, and the toxocariasis clinical manifestations may vary from an asymptomatic infection up to the Visceral Larva Migrans syndrome. Seventy eight public squares of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, including Bonfim Paulista district were visited aiming to evaluate the soil contamination by Toxocara eggs. The squares were divided in five different areas corresponding to the Sanitary Districts of the city. From May to December 2003, soil samples weighting about 250 g each were collected from five distinct sites of each public square. The laboratorial analysis was done by centrifugal-flotation techniques in magnesium sulphate solutions with 5% of potassium iodide (d = 1.33) and zinc sulphate (d = 1.20), and by the sedimentation- flotation in conic chalices with zinc sulphate (d = 1.20). Toxocara sp. eggs were found on 16 (20.5%) squares, with the lowest prevalence (12%) at the central area. From these results, it is expected that the legal authority will adopt protection measures for the city public areas, reducing thus the contamination risk by Toxocara sp. eggs.

Detection of Cryptosporidium sp. in non diarrheal faeces from children, in a day care center in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

The protozoan Cryptosporidium sp. has been frequently detected in faeces from children with persistent diarrhoea. This work achieved to investigate an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis, in a day care center, attending children of high socio-economic level, between 0 and six years old. The outbreak was detected through the network of public health, when stool samples, not diarrhoeic, were examined at the Parasitology Service of the Adolfo Lutz Institute. Among the 64 examined children, 13 (20.3%) showed oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. in the faeces examined by Kinyoun technique: seven children one year old, three, two years old and three, three years old. Among the 23 examined adults, only a 22 years old woman, possibly having an immunocomprometiment, was positive. Clinical and epidemiological aspects were investigated by questionnaires, highlighting the occurrence of the outbreak in a very dry period.

Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in a low-income community in the São Paulo municipality, SP, Brazil

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common zoonoses worldwide. The seroprevalence for T. gondii in human population from Brazil might range from 40 to 80%. The aim of this paper was to study the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in children from age one to 15 living in a low socioeconomic community, named community of Jardim São Remo in the year of 2002. The community is located in the West area of São Paulo municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 110 (32.4%, CI 95%: 27.5 - 37.7) of the 339 children tested with indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. The titration of the samples revealed 29 children with serum titer equal to 16, 14 children with 32, 18 children with 64, 21 children with 128, 20 children with 256 and eight children with serum titer > 512. The age dependence of the prevalence of T. gondii infection and the association between seroprevalence for T. gondii and seroprevalence for T. canis suggest that the infection is chiefly postnatal. Seroconversion in infant population of community Jardim São Remo occurs in children as young as two years old, earlier than in the children attended at health centers of São Paulo city. The seroprevalence of T. gondii in children from Jardim São Remo was compared to the prevalence in children from other urban centers of Brazil.

Occurrence of enteroparasites in day care centers in Botucatu (São Paulo State, Brazil) with emphasis on Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterobius vermicularis

The occurrence of the enteroparasites was verified in 279 children (0 to 6 years) of four municipal day cares of Botucatu/SP. Three samples of each child's feces were collected and processed by the methods of Hoffman-Pons-Janner, Faust and Ritchie and subsequent coloration of the fecal smear by the methods of Auramina-O and Ziehl-Neelsen modified for diagnosis of Cryptosporidium sp. and Graham method for diagnosis of Enterobius vermicularis. Of the analyzed children we verified a prevalence of intestinal parasitism in 53.40%, and the most frequent parasite was Giardia duodenalis (26.88%). Significant association was verified among enteroparasitosis, family income, maternal education and age; the lowest enteroparasite frequency occurred in children of families with larger income and higher education. It was observed that G. duodenalis is more prevalent in children from 0 to 4 years and E. vermicularis is more frequent in children between three and four years old. The high enteroparasite prevalence in day cares suggests complex structure in its epidemiology, where factors beyond sanitation should be considered.

Frequency of soil contamination by Toxocara canis eggs in the south region of São Paulo municipality (SP, Brazil) in a 18 month period

Soil contamination by embryonic eggs of Toxocara canis is the main source of human infection by this ascarid larvae resulting, sometimes, in the occurrence of visceral larva migrans syndrome. The objective of the present research is to determine the frequency of T. canis eggs in soil samples monthly collected in nine public places, located at the South Region of São Paulo municipality in a 18-month period, from February 2004 to July 2005. The soil samples collected were treated with a 30% antiformine solution and with a sodium dichromate solution (d = 1.40) and microscopic slides were prepared and examined under light microscopy for searching T. canis eggs. Two peaks of higher frequency had been found, one in February - May 2004 and the other in April - July 2005.

Detecção de formas transmissíveis de enteroparasitas na água e nas hortaliças consumidas em comunidades escolares de Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brasil

Avaliou-se a presença de formas transmissíveis de enteroparasitas em água e em hortaliças consumidas cruas, no período de agosto de 1997 a julho de 1998. A água foi submetida à filtração em membranas de celulose. A água da lavagem destas membranas foi submetido ao método de Faust. As hortaliças in natura e lavada foram lavadas e a água submetida ao método de sedimentação. Uma escola não apresentou contaminação; duas tiveram todos os materiais contaminados; quatro, 2 materiais contaminados e três, 1 material contaminado. A água apresentou índice de 0,7% de contaminação (Hymenolepis diminuta, Strongyloides stercoralis e ancilostomídeos); a hortaliça in natura, 3,9% (Strongyloides stercoralis, ancilostomídeos, Ascaris lumbricoides e Giardia lamblia) e a lavada, 1,3% (Strongyloides stercoralis, Ascaris lumbricoides e Giardia lamblia). As hortaliças e a água são veiculadoras de enteroparasitas. A forma larval foi a mais presente. A hortaliça in naturaapresentou maior contaminação que a lavada. A lavagem não garantiu a ausência dessas formas em hortaliças.

Pesquisa de oocistos de Cyclospora sp em fezes de cães da Grande São Paulo, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Amostras de fezes de 140 cães adultos da Grande São Paulo (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil) foram examinadas com a finalidade de procurar oocistos de Cyclospora sp.. Nenhuma infecção por esse coccídeo ficou detectada.

Retrospective study of the occurrence of Cyclospora cayetanensis at Clinical Hospital of the University of São Paulo Medical School, SP

Cyclospora cayetanensis causes watery diarrhea in tropical countries, among travelers and after ingestion of contaminated water and food. Very little is known about its epidemiology, pathogenic aspects and reservoirs. In Brazil, its prevalence is unknown and to date there have been reports of three outbreaks. We report here a retrospective study of 5,015 stool samples from 4,869 patients attended at Clinical Hospital of the University of São Paulo Medical School, SP, Brazil between April 1996 and January 2002, with 14 cases of Cyclospora cayetanensis being detected there was a prevalence of 0.3%. Of the 14 infected patients, the mean age was 38 years and 71.4% were female. Ten patients presented symptoms; six presented levels of immunological markers and five patients were immunodeficient.

Características físicas, químicas e mineralógicas de latossois vermelho-amarelos - textura média, da região de São Manuel, Sp

Quatro perfis de Latossol Vermelho Amarelo - textura média (LVA-m) (Quartzipsamment Haplortox) e um de Aluvio (Tropic Fluvaquent) localizados em uma topossequência da região de São Manuel, Estado de São Paulo, foram estudados em suas características morfológicas, granulométricas, químicas e mineralógicas. Os perfis do LVA-m são caracterizados por serem profundos, homogêneos, de textura barro arenosa, lixiviados, ácidos, distróficos, com elevada saturação de alumínio, predominantemente caulinítico ou caulinítico-gibbsítico e com baixíssimo teor de ferro livre. Tais perfis se localizam em três superfícies fisiográficas distintas. Apesar do material de origem ser aparentemente homogêneo ele sofreu diversos retrabalhamentos caracterizados pelas linhas de pedras e pelo teor de gibbsita. Constatou-se a transformação caulinita para gibbsita através da dessilicatização O alúvio, caracterizado pela heterogeneidade de suas camadas, apresenta entretanto uma textura semelhante ao do LVA-m. Devida as características de excesso de água, drenagem lenta e posição de ocorrência, há um acumulo de bases e sílica neste solo. A transformação gibbsita para caulinita foi sugerida.

Distribuição de peixes na microbacia do Ribeirão Grande, Serra da Mantiqueira Oriental, São Paulo, Brasil

Foram amostrados oito pontos de coleta no sistema do Ribeirão Grande (22º47'08"S, 45º28'17"W), de julho de 2001 a abril de 2002. Os peixes foram amostrados quatro vezes em cada ponto, no inverno (julho de 2001), na primavera (outubro de 2001), no verão (fevereiro de 2002) e no outono (abril de 2002). Em cada ponto obteve-se a condutividade, pH, temperatura da água e oxigênio dissolvido, a elevação foi obtida em metros utilizando-se de um receptor GPS. A dimensão da distribuição espacial foi a principal fonte de variabilidade na distribuição de peixes no sistema do Ribeirão Grande. Foi capturado um total de 37 espécies e as dez espécies mais abundantes correspondem a quase 90% do total capturado. Pareiorhina rudolphi foi capturada principalmente na encosta; Characidium lauroi, Trichomycterus itatiayae, Neoplecostomus microps, Astyanax scabripinnis, Taunaya bifasciata e Harttia carvalhoi foram capturadas no pediplano; Characidium alipioi, Imparfinis minutus e Loricariichthys sp. foram capturadas na planície do vale. Os pontos amostrais P6 e P7, localizados na transição entre tributários e o canal principal, foram considerados um ecótono, onde a diversidade de espécies foi mais alta.

Influência da ação antrópica sobre a fauna de macroinvertebrados aquáticos em riachos de uma região de cerrado do sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo

Foram estudadas a riqueza e a distribuição espacial da fauna de macroinvertebrados aquáticos em riachos da região de cerrado de Assis, SP, com a finalidade de verificar o efeito da ação antrópica sobre a fauna. As coletas foram realizadas em nascentes do Ribeirão Água do Cervo, principal fornecedor de água da cidade de Assis. Foram estabelecidos nove pontos de coleta nos quais foram colocados dez pacotes de seixos de tamanho padronizado (volume equivalente a 300 cm³ cada). Após 25 dias de exposição, os pacotes foram removidos do riacho. Os macroinvertebrados associados a cada pacote de seixos foram triados e identificados. Os resultados mostraram uma menor riqueza no local mais impactado. Não houve relação significativa entre os fatores físico-químicos e a fauna. No entanto, a ação antrópica foi significativamente relacionada com a fauna.

Hechtiella lopesi sp. n. from São Paulo state, Brazil (Siphonaptera: Rhopalopsyllidae)

Descriptions are given of the male and female of Hechtiella lopesi sp. n., collected on Proechimys sp. and Tayra barbara from Boracéia Ecological Station, Salesópolis, São Paulo State, Brazil. The new species is discussed in relation to Hechtiella lakoi and Hechtiella nitidus, species previously included in the genus Polygenis. The name is a tribute to the late Brazilian entomologist, Prof. Hugo de Souza Lopes.