Sheep Excreta as Source of Nitrous Oxide in Ryegrass Pasture in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT Livestock urine and dung are important components of the N cycle in pastures, but little information on its effect on soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions is available. We conducted a short-term (39-day) trial to quantify the direct N2O-N emissions from sheep excreta on an experimental area of ryegrass pasture growing on a Typic Paleudult in southern Brazil. Four rates of urine-N (161, 242, 323, and 403 kg ha-1 N) and one of dung-N (13 kg ha-1 N) were applied, as well as a control plot receiving no excreta. The N2O-N emission factor (EF = % of added N released as N2O-N) for urine and dung was calculated, taking into account the N2O fluxes in the field, over a period of 39 days. The EF value of the urine and dung was used to estimate the emissions of N2O-N over a 90-day period of pasture in the winter under two grazing intensities (2.5 or 5.0 times the herbage intake potential of grazing lambs). The soil N2O-N fluxes ranged from 4 to 353 µg m-2h-1. The highest N2O-N fluxes occurred 16 days after application of urine and dung, when the highest soil nitrate content was also recorded and the water-filled pore space exceeded 60 %. The mean EF for urine was 0.25 % of applied N, much higher than that for dung (0.06 %). We found that N2O-N emissions for the 90-day winter pasture period were 0.54 kg ha-1 for low grazing intensity and 0.62 kg ha-1 for moderate grazing intensity. Comparison of the two forms of excreta show that urine was the main contributor to N2O-N emissions (mean of 36 %), whereas dung was responsible for less than 0.1 % of total soil N2O-N emissions.

Biochar and soil nitrous oxide emissions

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of biochar application on soil nitrous oxide emissions. The experiment was carried out in pots under greenhouse conditions. Four levels of ground commercial charcoal of 2 mm (biochar) were evaluated in a sandy Albaqualf (90% of sand): 0, 3, 6, and 9 Mg ha-1. All treatments received 100 kg ha-1 of N as urea. A cubic effect of biochar levels was observed on the N2O emissions. Biochar doses above 5 Mg ha-1 started to mitigate the emissions in the evaluated soil. However, lower doses promote the emissions.

CRESCIMENTO E OXIDAÇÃO DE EXPLANTES DE BANANEIRA PRATA (Musa AAB) IN VITRO: IV. CONCENTRAÇÕES DE SAIS, ÁCIDOS ASCÓRBICOS E FREQÜÊNCIA DE SUBCULTIVOS

Avaliaram-se diferentes concentrações de sais do meio MS (Murashige & Skoog, 1962), freqüência de subcultivos e adição de ácido ascórbico ao meio de cultura, objetivando o controle da oxidação de explantes de bananeira-'Prata' (Musa AAB) na fase de estabelecimento. Os tratamentos constituíram-se das diluições dos sais do meio MS (100%, 50% e 33,33%), subcultivos (a cada 7 dias, a cada 14 dias e a cada 28 dias) e ácido ascórbico (0 e 25 mg L-1). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, cujos tratamentos foram arranjados em um fatorial 3 x 2 x 2. Utilizaram-se 15 repetições. As avaliações relativas à massa da matéria fresca, altura e oxidação foram feitas aos 28 dias após a inoculação. Quando o período de subcultivos foi maior (28 dias), o crescimento em massa da matéria fresca foi reduzido em função da redução da concentração de sais do meio MS. Para meios de cultura menos concentrados e freqüência maiores de subcultivos, não houve necessidade da adição do ácido ascórbico para a redução do escurecimento e houve uma tendência de maior crescimento em massa dos explantes.

SELETIVIDADE DE CHLORFENAPYR E FENBUTATIN-OXIDE SOBRE DUAS ESPÉCIES DE ÁCAROS PREDADORES (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE) EM CITROS

Com o uso de bioensaios, verificaram-se os efeitos residual de contato, ovicida e de persistência dos produtos chlorfenapyr e fenbutatin-oxide sobre duas espécies de ácaros predadores, Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma e Euseius alatus DeLeon (Acari: Phytoseiidae), associados ao ácaro da leprose-dos-citros Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). O efeito total sobre os adultos foi estudado por meio do método residual de contato com pulverização em superfície de vidro, conforme metodologia da IOBC. O efeito ovicida foi avaliado por meio de pulverização direta sobre os ovos dos ácaros predadores, também em superfície de vidro. A persistência dos produtos foi avaliada em laboratório, em arenas confeccionadas com folhas de laranjeira pulverizadas no campo, aos 0; 5; 15 e 30 dias após a aplicação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que chlorfenapyr foi nocivo ao I. zuluagai e E. alatus e o fenbutatin-oxide foi levemente nocivo a E. alatus e inócuo a I. zuluagai. Nenhum dos produtos apresentou efeito ovicida. Fenbutatin-oxide apresentou baixa persistência para ambas as espécies de ácaros predadores, e chlorfenapyr, na dosagem de 31,3 ml, foi de baixa persistência, enquanto, na dosagem de 62,5 ml, foi moderadamente persistente. O fenbutatin-oxide apresentou-se inócuo e levemente nocivo aos ácaros predadores I. zuluagai e E. alatus, respectivamente, e de baixa persistência para ambas as espécies

Síntese e caracterização de compostos organometálicos de estanho (IV)

Organotin(IV) derivatives containing bulky R groups have been synthesized and characterized. It is discussed how their syntheses depend on the reaction conditions, such as stoichiometry of starting materials, bulkiness of the organo group attached to the Sn centre as well as temperature in which the reaction is carried out. Finally the molecular structure of Sn2Ph6, determined by X-ray diffraction is reviewed.

Cinética e mecanismo da reação de auto-oxidação de S(IV) catalisada por íons metálicos de transição

The oxidation process of sulfur (IV) species (SO2, HSO3- e SO32-) by oxygen, catalysed by trace metal ion and complexes, can play an important role in atmospheric, analytical and bioinorganic chemistry. An overview of the most important reactions in these fields is presented. A fascinating redox cycling of the metal ions and complexes during such autoxidation process was revealed by the combination of kinetics and coordination chemistry studies.

Química atmosférica do enxofre (IV): emissões, reações em fase aquosa e impacto ambiental

The oxidation process of sulfur(IV) species by oxygen, ozone and nitrogen oxides, catalysed by trace metal ions, can play an important role in atmospheric chemistry processes like acid rain, visibility degradation and health hazard. An overview of the more relevant investigations on emissions sources, aqueous phase conversion process and environmental impact is presented.

Synthesis and characterization of oxovanadium (IV) dithiocarbamates with pyridine

We report the synthesis and study of a new series of oxovanadium (IV) dithiocarbamate adducts and derivatives with pyridine and cyclohexyl, di-iso-butyl, di-n-propyl, anilin, morpholin, piperidin and di-iso-propyl amines. The complexes have been characterized by analytical, magnetochemical, IR, visible-UV spectral and thermal studies, and are assigned the formulas [VO(L)2].py, where L=cyclohexyl, di-iso-butyl, di-n-propyl, anilin dithiocarbamate and [VO(OH)(L)(py)2]OH.H2O (L=morpholin, piperidin and di-iso-propyl dithiocarbamate). The effect of the adduct formation on the pV=0 bound is discussed in terms of the IR (V=O, V-S and V-N stretching frequencies) and electronic spectra (d-d transitions).

Espectroscopia vibracional: sistemática para o cálculo dos estiramentos CO de complexos carbonílicos e determinação da sua atividade IV e Raman

IR bands related to M-C stretchings are not diagnostically significant for the identification of carbonyl groups in the spectra of carbonyl complexes. Otherwise, the frequency, intensity and number of bands for the CO stretchings provide very useful informations about the number of CO ligands and many others structural proprieties, like the presence of bridged CO groups. We report about a relatively simple and useful method for the determination of the CO stretchings of carbonyl complexes, which considers only the bond stretching internal coordinates of the CO groups.