273 resultados para forno convencional
Resumo:
Broccoli is a vegetable consumed in many countries and a possible source of folates, which are water-soluble vitamins active during DNA synthesis. The folates found in the samples analyzed were 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate. The vitamin content varied between 413.7 and 742.2 µg/100 g for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and from 4.8 to 12.8 µg/100 g for 5-formyltetrahydrofolate. In organic broccoli the amount of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was significantly higher than in the same vegetable cultivated by traditional methods, for the commercial samples analyzed. The losses of these folates after cooking in water were of approximately 68%, most of it (53%) found in the cooking water.
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This paper reports the development of a methodology for simultaneously determining As, Cd and Pb, employing GF AAS with polarized Zeeman-effect background correction. In order to make the procedure applicable, the influence of pyrolysis and atomization temperatures and the amount of chemical modifiers were studied. Factorial and central composite designs were used to optimize these variables. Precision and accuracy of the method were investigated using Natural Water Reference material, Nist SRM 1640. Results are in agreement with certified values at the 95% confidence limit when the Student t-test is used. This methodology was used for quality control of purified water for hemodialysis.
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We describe the design and tests of a set-up mounted in a conventional double beam spectrophotometer, which allows the determination of optical density of samples confined in a long liquid core waveguide (LCW) capillary. Very long optical path length can be achieved with capillary cell, allowing measurements of samples with very low optical densities. The device uses a custom optical concentrator optically coupled to LCW (TEFLON® AF). Optical density measurements, carried out using a LCW of ~ 45 cm, were in accordance with the Beer-Lambert Law. Thus, it was possible to analyze quantitatively samples at concentrations 45 fold lower than that regularly used in spectrophotometric measurements.
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This paper proposes a methodology for spectrophotometric determination of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) by using chromotropic acid in a phosphoric acid media employing a domestic microwave oven as a source of heating. The reddish-purple soluble product is quantitatively formed after 30 s of irradiation and obeys the Beer´s law in the range between 0.1-1.2 mg L-1 HMT (r = 0.99925). The method was applied successfully in commercial pharmaceutical preparations containing dyes in their composition. The results showed that the method proposed is feasible for simplicity, speed, low cost, precision and accuracy when compared with United States Pharmacopeia official method.
Resumo:
Chicken meat is largely consumed in human nutrition and it is produced in extremely large scale in some countries, including Brazil. In this work graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used for determination of arsenic in chicken and chicken production-related samples. These samples were digested employing a microwave-assisted procedure in closed vessels using a 7 mol L-1 nitric acid solution plus concentrated hydrogen peroxide. The concentration range of total As determined in chicken production-related samples varied from 1.30 to 29.8 mg kg-1 of As. The detection and quantification limits reached were 0.055 and 0.182 mg kg-1, respectively (n = 15).
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This paper describes the development of methods for the determination of Pb and Mn in fishes by GF AAS after solubilization with tetramethylamonium hidroxide. The optimization of the operational conditions and the choice of modifier were made using multivariated optimization. Analytical Figures of Merit were adequately to propose. The Limit of Quantification obtained were 150 and 18.5 µg kg-1 to Mn and Pb, respectively. No significant difference was found between the slope values obtained for the aqueous and standard addition calibration curves. The D.P.R. was always lower than 12% and the analysis of the SRM NRCC TORT2 showed 80-120% of recovery.
Resumo:
Hydrotalcite like compounds (HT) were prepared by co-precipitation (Mg/Al = 3.5), using an acid solution with blast furnace slag and MgCl2.6H2O and aqueous solutions of NaOH. The following synthesis variables were investigated: temperature (30 and 45 ºC) and pH (9 and 12). Depending of the temperature two systems were observed: Mg-Al-CO3 (T = 30 ºC); Mg-Al-Cl-CO3 (T = 45 ºC). An increase in the pH of synthesis and Mg2+ concentration produced HTs well-crystallized and with greater values of all cell parameters. The study showed the potentiality of BFS in the synthesis of well-crystallized LDHs without the presence of other crystalline phases.
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Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were measured monthly from January to June 2010 in the aeration tank of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Southeast Brazil. Emissions were lower in summer than winter and were positively related with influent ammonium (NH4+) concentration. The average N2O emission was 1.11 kg N day-1 corresponding to 0.02% of the influent total nitrogen load. The average emission factor calculated for the population served was 2.5 lower than that proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for inventories of N2O emissions from WWTPs with controlled nitrification and denitrification processes.
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This aim of this work was to compare two methods for copper determination in insulating oils from power transformers by GFAAS. The first method was extraction induced by emulsion breaking, which determined the preconcentration of copper in an aqueous solution and exhibited a limit of quantification of 0.27 µg L-1. Also, a second method based on the direct introduction of samples into GFAAS in the form of detergent emulsions, prepared with Triton X-114 and HNO3, was investigated. In this case, the limit of quantification was 1.7 µg L-1. Seven samples of used oils were successfully analyzed by both methods.
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Seed-assisted synthesis of zeolites diminishes crystallization time and enables the industrial use of certain zeolites, which was conventionally unfeasible due to the complexity of synthesis and the cost of organic structure-directing agents. This study reports the primary results of zeolite crystallization in the presence of seeds, which are used as a substitute for organic compounds.
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Commercial and synthetic mesoporous aluminas impregnated with potassium carbonate were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen physisorption, infrared spectroscopy and 27Al MAS NMR. The activities in the transesterification reaction of sunflower oil with methanol for biodiesel production were evaluated. 27Al MAS NMR spectra evidenced the presence of AlIV and AlVI in the samples, and also of AlV sites in the mesoporous synthesized alumina, which disappeared after impregnation with potassium salt followed by calcination. All aluminas containing potassium were active for biodiesel production from sunflower seed oil, with high conversions by both conventional heating and microwave irradiation.
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Foram estudados o progresso da brusone (Pyricularia grisea) e o conteúdo de clorofila nas folhas em experimentos de campo, com arroz (Oryza sativa) de terras altas, nos sistemas de plantio direto (PD) e convencional (PC), durante as safras de 1998/1999 e 1999/2000. As taxas aparente de infecção da brusone nas folhas na primeira safra no PC e no PD formam de b = 0,099 (r = 0,97**) e de b = 0,066(r = 0,90**), respectivamente. Na segunda safra foram de b = 0,054(r = 0,99**) no PC e no PD de b = 0,055(r = 0,99**). Entretanto as taxas de progresso da brusone nas folhas não diferiram estatisticamente nos dois sistemas de plantio. Foi observada uma relação linear, positiva e significativa entre conteúdo de clorofila e a severidade da brusone nas folhas.
Resumo:
Utilizando-se de um gradiente de lâminas d'água obtidas com o sistema de irrigação por aspersão em linha "line source" e duas cultivares de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris), sob os sistemas de plantio direto e convencional, verificou-se aumento da intensidade do mofo-branco causado por Sclerotinia sclerotiorum e da produção de escleródios com o incremento da lâmina d'água. Com inóculo inicial de 0,2 escleródio/kg de solo a porcentagem de plantas infetadas variou de 0 a 100% em 1998 e de 0 a 12% em 1999. Maior severidade e incidência do mofo-branco ocorreram na cultivar de porte prostrado, em cultivo convencional. Em ambos os anos, a intensidade da doença, a produção de escleródios e a formação de apotécios foram menores no sistema de plantio direto do que no convencional. Finalmente, em ambos os experimentos foi detectado cerca de quatro vezes mais escleródios no resíduo da trilhadora no plantio convencional que no plantio direto, mostrando que a produção de inóculo para as safras subseqüentes no plantio convencional é muito maior que no direto. Este é um fato relevante, considerando-se a importância do inóculo inicial para as doenças monocíclicas, como é o caso do mofo-branco do feijoeiro, e tem implicações diretas na sustentabilidade do sistema de produção irrigado de inverno.
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Foi estudada a liberação de conídios de Pyricularia grisea no plantio convencional (PC) e direto (PD) de arroz (Oryza sativa) de terras altas, nas fases de desenvolvimento vegetativo e emissão de panículas nos experimentos de campo realizados em dois anos (1998/2000). As coletas de conídios de P. grisea foram realizadas com as armadilhas volumétricas Rotorod sampler. Objetivando quantificar os conídios viáveis e com potencial para causar infecção em folhas novas foram também utilizadas bandejas com plantas de arroz com 25 dias de idade das cultivares Carajás e Primavera expostas no campo, como armadilhas vivas. Na safra 1998/1999, o número de conídios de P. grisea aumentou linearmente com o tempo, entre o estádio de grão pastoso e maduro. Na safra de 1999/2000, a quantidade de conídios coletada aumentou de maneira exponencial, iniciando ao final do estádio emborrachamento até na fase de grão semi-maduro. O número de conídios coletados com a armadilha volumétrica diminuiu exponencialmente com o aumento da precipitação pluviométrica, assim como, reduziu a severidade da brusone nas plantas da armadilha viva tanto para a cultivar Carajás como para Primavera. A produção e a liberação de conídios foi menor no plantio direto tanto na fase vegetativa como durante o enchimento dos grãos nas panículas.
Resumo:
A sarna da macieira, causada por Venturia inaequalis, é uma das principais doenças da cultura. Devido à grande preocupação com os riscos de contaminação ambiental e intoxicação humana, o cultivo orgânico surge como uma alternativa, buscando preservar a qualidade do produto final em relação ao sistema convencional. Com o objetivo de avaliar a epidemiologia da sarna da macieira nos sistemas convencional e orgânico de produção, foi empregada a técnica de análise da dinâmica temporal, nas cultivares Royal Gala e Fuji, nas condições edafo-climáticas do Sul do Brasil. A incidência foi quantificada semanalmente, gerando 16 mapas em cada sistema de produção e quinzenalmente, a severidade da doença foi avaliada em 100 folhas, distribuídas em quatro ramos, de acordo com escala diagramática específica, com 12 repetições. Foram plotadas curvas de progresso da doença e as epidemias comparadas em relação a) início do aparecimento dos sintomas (IAS); b) tempo para atingir a máxima intensidade da doença (TAMID); c) valor máximo de severidade da doença (y max) e d) área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD). Os dados de incidência foram analisados por meio de análise de regressão linear simples, ajustados para três modelos empíricos, Logístico, Monomolecular e Gompertz. As cultivares avaliadas foram suscetíveis à V. inaequalis, com diferenças significativas entre as cultivares e entre os sistemas de produção. Houve maiores níveis de intensidade de doença e taxa de progresso da doença (r) no sistema orgânico que no sistema convencional de produção, sendo que o modelo mais apropriado para descrever a curva de progresso da doença foi o Logístico.