244 resultados para Via


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By using the Monte Carlo simulation platform with probabilistic mathematical functions of the Boltzmann type, , having activation energy and temperature as parameters, it was possible to assess important dynamic aspects of homogeneous chemical reactions of the types A → B and A B. The protocol proved a useful tool in work with the basic concepts of Kinetics and Thermodynamics allowing its application both in class activities and for assisting experimental procedures.

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Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), PHB, is a polymer with broad potential applications because of its biodegradability and biocompatibility. However, its high crystallinity is a limiting factor for many applications. To overcome this drawback, one strategy currently employed involves the reduction of the molecular weight of PHB with the concomitant formation of end-functionalized chains, such as those obtained via glycolysis. The glycolysis of PHB can be catalyzed by acid, base, or organometallic compounds. However, to our knowledge, there are no reports regarding PHB glycolysis catalyzed enzymatically. Among the major types of enzymes used in biocatalysis, the lipases stand out because they have the ability to catalyze reactions in both aqueous and organic media. Thus, in this study, we performed the enzymatic glycolysis of PHB using the lipase Amano PS (Pseudomonas cepacia) with ethane-1,2-diol (ethylene glycol) as the functionalizing agent. The results indicated that the glycolysis was successful and afforded hydroxyl-terminated oligomeric PHB polyols. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the products showed characteristic signals for the terminal hydroxyl groups of the polyols, while thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analyses confirmed an increase in the thermal stability and a decrease in the crystallinity of the polyols compared with the starting PHB polymer, which were both attributed to the reduction in the molecular weight due to glycolysis.

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Biological production of hydrogen through anaerobic fermentation has received increasing attention and offers a great potential as an alternative process for clean fuel production in the future. Considering biological systems for H2 production, anaerobic fermentation stands out, primarily due to its higher production of H2 compared with other biological processes. In addition the possibility of using different agro-industrial wastes as substrates opens up infinite possibilities. The development and implementation of sustainable processes for converting renewable materials into different value-added products is essential for the full exploitation of Brazilian agro-industrial wastes.

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Cocaine is usually seized mixed with a wide variety of adulterants such as benzocaine, lidocaine, caffeine, and procaine. The forensic identification of cocaine in these street drug mixtures is normally performed using colorimetric testing kits, but these tests may suffer from interferences, producing false-positive results. Here, we describe the use of analytical techniques including attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopies to distinguish between cocaine and other adulterants (lidocaine, promethazine, powdered milk and yeast) that yield positive results on the Scott test using the thiocyanate cobalt reagent. A further 13 substances were also analyzed using the Scott test.

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This work shows the influence of several reactional parameters for obtaining graphene through successive steps of oxidation and exfoliation of bulk graphite (resulting in graphene oxide), followed by chemical reduction. The results showed that changes in temperature, reaction time, reducing agent and source of primary graphite lead to different surface compositions and stability in dispersion of graphene oxide. Also, the use of different reducing agents promoted different degrees of restoration of C=C bonds in the bidimensional structure of graphene.

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The filling of capillaries via the sol-gel process is growing. Therefore, this technical note focuses on disseminating knowledge acquired in the Group of Analytical Chemistry and Chemometrics over seven years working with monolithic stationary phase preparation in fused silica capillaries. We believe that the detailed information presented in this technical note concerning the construction of an alternative high pressurization device, used to fill capillary columns via the sol-gel process, which has promising potential for applications involving capillary electrochromatography and liquid chromatography in nano scale, may be enlightening and motivating for groups interested in developing research activities within this theme.

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A method for the determination of trace amounts of palladium was developed using homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction via flotation assistance (HLLME-FA) followed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) was used as a complexing agent. This was applied to determine palladium in three types of water samples. In this study, a special extraction cell was designed to facilitate collection of the low-density solvent extraction. No centrifugation was required in this procedure. The water sample solution was added to the extraction cell which contained an appropriate mixture of extraction and homogeneous solvents. By using air flotation, the organic solvent was collected at the conical part of the designed cell. Parameters affecting extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration graph was linear in the range of 1.0-200 µg L-1 with a limit of detection of 0.3 µg L-1. The performance of the method was evaluated for the extraction and determination of palladium in water samples and satisfactory results were obtained. In order to verify the accuracy of the approach, the standard addition method was applied for the determination of palladium in spiked synthetic samples and satisfactory results were obtained.

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This work presents the biofuel production results of the esterification of fatty acids (C12-C18) and high-acid-content waste vegetable oils from different soap stocks (soybean, palm, and coconut) with methanol, ethanol, and butanol by acid catalysis. We used Amberlyst-35 (A35) sulfonic resin as a heterogeneous acid catalyst and p-toluenesulfonic acid as a homogeneous catalyst for comparison. Both the heterogeneous (A35) and homogeneous (p-toluenesulfonic acid) reactions were performed with 5% w/w of catalyst. The final products were analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The homogeneous catalyzed esterification of fatty acids with methanol, ethanol, and butanol produced esters with yields higher than 90%. In the reaction with fatty acids and methanol catalyzed by A35, the best results were achieved with lauric acid and methanol, with a yield of 97%. An increase in the hydrocarbon chain decreased the rate of conversion and yield for stearic acid with methanol, which was 90%. Maximum biodiesel production was achieved from coconut and soybean soap stocks and methanol (96%-98%), which showed conversions very close to those obtained from their respective fatty acids. Microwave irradiation reduced the reaction time from 6 to 1 h in the esterification reaction of fatty acids with butanol.

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Foi instalado um experimento em Viçosa, MG, em 11 de abril, em área infestada por escleródios de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, com o objetivo de testar a eficiência de quatro fungicidas aplicados via água de irrigação por aspersão no controle do mofo-branco do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris). Os seguintes fungicidas e doses do ingrediente ativo por hectare foram testados: benomyl (1 kg), iprodione (0,75 kg), procimidone (0,5 kg) e fluazinam (0,5 l). As aplicações foram simuladas com regadores (35.000 l/ha). A primeira aplicação foi feita aos 39 dias após a emergência (DAE); a segunda, 13 dias depois. Nesses mesmos dias, o fluazinam também foi aplicado com pulverizador (667 l/ha) ou com regador (35.000 l/ha) entre as fileiras de feijão e rente ao solo. Este último tratamento teve por objetivo verificar se o fluazinam aplicado apenas no solo tem efeito no controle da doença. Ademais, foi utilizada uma testemunha que não recebeu fungicida. Após a colheita, avaliou-se a incidência do fungo nas sementes. Os fungicidas fluazinam (aplicado com pulverizador ou via água de irrigação sobre as plantas), benomyl e procimidone foram os mais eficientes no controle do mofo-branco e, dentre eles, apenas o procimidone não proporcionou rendimento maior que o da testemunha. O fluazinam aplicado apenas no solo reduziu a incidência da doença e a quantidade de escleródios produzidos. Os rendimentos variaram de 1.406 (testemunha) a 2.054 kg/ha (fluazinam, pulverização). Não houve influência dos tratamentos na incidência do fungo nas sementes, a qual variou de 0,25% (procimidone) a 1,08% (fluazinam aplicado no solo).

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Sementes infetadas constituem fonte primária de inóculo para epidemias da mancha bacteriana do tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum)que sob condições favoráveis podem resultar em rápido desenvolvimento da doença e severas perdas. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficiência do tratamento térmico a 70 ºC por 96 h na erradicação de Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria de sementes de tomate e seu efeito sobre a qualidade fisiológica e estrutura das sementes, por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Realizaram-se dois ensaios, e utilizando-se sementes inoculadas pelo método a vácuo com o isolado ENA 4463 a 10(7) ufc/ml em NaCl (0,85%). No primeiro ensaio compararam-se quatro tratamentos: sementes inoculadas (1), sementes inoculadas e tratadas a 70 ºC/96 h em estufa com circulação forçada de ar (2), sementes não inoculadas e não tratadas (3) e sementes não inoculadas e tratadas (70 ºC/96 h) (4). No segundo ensaio, apenas os tratamentos (1), (2) e (3) foram comparados. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto à qualidade fisiológica e recuperação da fitobactéria por meio de extração a vácuo seguido de riscagem em meios semi-seletivos, além de observações em MEV. Constatou-se eficiência de 100% e 99,96% na erradicação da bactéria no primeiro e segundo ensaio, respectivamente. Não houve nenhum efeito do tratamento térmico sobre a germinação. Observações ao MEV, revelaram alterações na estrutura superficial das sementes, com remoção, quebra e fusão de tricomas, além de danos à integridade das células bacterianas associadas à superfície do tegumento.

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Neste trabalho aplicamos um método óptico sensível e de baixo custo denominado ‘Schlieren’ para visualização e caracterização de feixes ultra-sônicos em solução aquosa. Esta caracterização assume papel importante na Medicina para diagnóstico não invasivo via método ultra-sônico.

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Pequenas partículas de fase peroviskita de BaMnO3 foram preparadas por dois métodos: a rota da coprecipitação convencional (RCC) e o método convencional de microemulsão (MCM). As técnicas instrumentais utilizadas para caracterizar as amostras foram: microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM), difratometria de raios X (XRD), termogravimetria (TG) e análise térmica diferencial (DTA). A síntese de materiais em sistemas coloidais auto-organizados tem por objetivo aumentar a homogeneidade de tamanho e forma das partículas. Nos últimos anos aumentou a busca por materiais mais uniformes visando o aperfeiçoamento da microestrutura. A rota de microemulsão é um método alternativo para a síntese de materiais porque permite o controle da relação entre as concentrações de água e do tensoativo, (w), o qual controla o tamanho das gotículas de microemulsão denominadas microreatores. Peroviskita pura obtida de microemulsão forma-se em temperatura menor do que a fase precipitada, e resulta.em partículas com distribuição de tamanho mais adequada, de aproximadamente 0,1 mm de diâmetro comparado com a média de 0,5 mm das partículas coprecipitadas.