Diurnal variations of non-structural carbohydrates in vegetative tissues of Melinis minutiflora, Echinolaena inflexa and Lolium multiflorum (Poaceae)

Echinolaena inflexa (Poir.) Chase is a native C3 grass species with high biomass production and abundance in the cerrado comparable to Melinis minutiflora Beauv., a C4 forage grass of African origin, widespread in the cerrado, displacing some native herbaceous species. These species accumulate mainly starch, differently of Lolium multiflorum Lam. ssp. italicum Beck cv. Lema (ryegrass), a C3 temperate forage grass that accumulates fructans as the major storage carbohydrate in the vegetative tissues. In the present study, we analyzed diurnal variations in the content and composition of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in the aerial vegetative parts of the three species. Results showed similarity in water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and starch contents between Melinis minutiflora and Echinolaena inflexa, with the exotic grass accumulating higher amounts of NSC. However, the levels of sucrose, glucose and fructose were 10 fold higher in Lolium multiflorum, that accumulates fructan as the main storage carbohydrate. Although the contents of WSC and starch were similar in the tropical species E. inflexa and M. minutiflora, their diurnal variations were different and could be related to starch metabolism, especially in M. minutiflora.

Composição florística e cobertura vegetal das savanas na região de Alter do Chão, Santarém - PA

Neste estudo foi determinado a cobertura vegetal e a composição florística em 38 parcelas de 3,75 ha (250 m x 150 m), distribuídas por 30.000 ha na savana de Alter do Chão, Município de Santarém, Pará. Nas 38 parcelas foram registradas 130 espécies em 45 famílias. As únicas espécies de dicotiledôneas que cobriram 1% ou mais da área no estrato herbáceo-arbustivo foram Dioclea bicolor Benth. e Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. A maior parte da área foi coberta pelas gramíneas Paspalum carinatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Flügge (16%) e Trachypogon plumosus (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Nees (22%). A gramínea Axonopus canescens (Nees ex Trin.) Pilg. e a ciperácea Rhyncospora hirsuta Vahl também cobriram mais que 1% da área. Apenas oito espécies, Anacardium occidentale L., Himatanthus fallax (Müll. Arg.) M. M. Plumel, Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil., Byrsonima coccolobifolia Kunth, Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth, Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk., Qualea grandiflora Mart. e Salvertia convallariodora A. St.-Hil. tinham copas no estrato arbóreo que projetaram sobre mais que 1% da área. Destas, somente B. crassifolia (5,7%), S. convallariodora (6,0%) e P. ramiflora (2,1%) projetaram sobre mais que 2% da área. Cinqüenta e três por cento da área não tinha cobertura de arbustos, gramíneas ou ciperáceas, e 45% também não tinha cobertura de copas de árvores. Gramíneas e ciperáceas cobriram em média 39,2% das parcelas, e arbustos 11,0%. As correlações entre matrizes de similaridade para as espécies em diferentes estratos e grupos taxonômicos da vegetação foram geralmente baixas e houve pouca correlação entre matrizes baseadas em dados quantitativos e matrizes baseadas em dados de presença/ausência. Portanto, deve-se ter cautela em comparações entre áreas de savana baseadas somente em um estrato vegetativo ou em um grupo taxonômico.

Impacto do fogo e dinâmica da regeneração da comunidade vegetal em borda de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (Gália, SP, Brasil)

Bordas de fragmentos florestais são áreas sujeitas a uma série de fatores naturais e distúrbios, entre os quais o fogo, que acarretam modificações na comunidade vegetal. Estudou-se a natureza e dimensão dos danos causados pelo fogo e resiliência da comunidade vegetal após incêndio em borda de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, na Estação Ecológica dos Caetetus, Gália, SP. Efetuou-se a amostragem da vegetação em duas áreas contíguas (queimada e não queimada), em cinco transectos, cada um formado por cinco parcelas de 10 × 10 m. Foram identificados e medidos todos os indivíduos do estrato arbóreo (altura > 1,7 m) e quantificou-se a cobertura de árvores, lianas e gramíneas invasoras. Foram realizadas medições aos seis, 15 e 24 meses após o incêndio e os dados obtidos foram agrupados em duas faixas de distância da borda: 0-20 m e 20-50 m. Alterações estruturais foram maiores na faixa mais externa, com perda total da biomassa e proliferação de lianas e gramíneas, enquanto na faixa mais interna houve perda de 89% da área basal arbórea. A área atingida pelo fogo apresentou 43 espécies a menos que a floresta não queimada na primeira avaliação após o fogo. Após 24 meses, esta diferença reduziu-se a 14 espécies, demonstrando alta resiliência, em termos de riqueza florística. A recuperação prevista da biomassa arbórea é mais lenta na faixa mais externa (11 anos) em comparação com a faixa mais interna (5 anos).

Transient expression of a reporter gene introduced by bioballistic bombardment into Racosperma mangium (Leguminosae family) tissues

We report on an assay of direct transfer of DNA into calli and seeds of Racosperma (ex-Acacia) mangium, using a bioballistic method. We observed transient expression of the GUS gene in the treated tissues

A união do vegetal e o transe mediúnico no Brasil

Este artigo discute a elaboração simbólica do transe no Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal. Por meio da análise comparativa com o Santo Daime, interrogo os modos de constituição do contato com o sobrenatural em ambos os grupos, articulando-os às representações hierarquicamente ordenadas de forças que aí incidem e impelem o sujeito à ação no mundo. Proponho pensar o transe ayahuasqueiro em diálogo com os estudos dos cultos mediúnicos no Brasil, chamando a atenção para a dimensão da modernidade nesse campo, onde um projeto de interioridade caminha ao lado dos "ensinamentos do Mestre".

Effect of hypoxia on the activity and binding of glycolytic and associated enzymes in sea scorpion tissues

The effect of hypoxia on the levels of glycogen, glucose and lactate as well as the activities and binding of glycolytic and associated enzymes to subcellular structures was studied in brain, liver and white muscle of the teleost fish, Scorpaena porcus. Hypoxia exposure decreased glucose levels in liver from 2.53 to 1.70 µmol/g wet weight and in muscle led to its increase from 3.64 to 25.1 µmol/g wet weight. Maximal activities of several enzymes in brain were increased by hypoxia: hexokinase by 23%, phosphoglucoisomerase by 47% and phosphofructokinase (PFK) by 56%. However, activities of other enzymes in brain as well as enzymes in liver and white muscle were largely unchanged or decreased during experimental hypoxia. Glycolytic enzymes in all three tissues were partitioned between soluble and particulate-bound forms. In several cases, the percentage of bound enzymes was reduced during hypoxia; bound aldolase in brain was reduced from 36.4 to 30.3% whereas glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase fell from 55.7 to 28.7% bound. In muscle PFK was reduced from 57.4 to 41.7% bound. Oppositely, the proportion of bound aldolase and triosephosphate isomerase increased in hypoxic muscle. Phosphoglucomutase did not appear to occur in a bound form in liver and bound phosphoglucomutase disappeared in muscle during hypoxia exposure. Anoxia exposure also led to the disappearance of bound fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in liver, whereas a bound fraction of this enzyme appeared in white muscle of anoxic animals. The possible function of reversible binding of glycolytic enzymes to subcellular structures as a regulatory mechanism of carbohydrate metabolism is discussed.

Gender differences in the activities of aspirin-esterases in rat tissues

The activities of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)-esterases were measured in several tissues (liver, kidney, adrenal glands, brain and serum) from adult male and female Wistar rats. In males, both aspirin-esterase I (assayed at pH 5.5) and II (assayed at pH 7.4) activities were higher in liver homogenates when compared to females (aspirin-esterase I: males 48.9 ± 4.8 (N = 8) and females 29.3 ± 4.2 (N = 8) nmol of salicylic acid formed min-1 mg protein-1; aspirin-esterase II: males 41.4 ± 4.1 (N = 8) and females 26.1 ± 4.5 (N = 8) nmol of salicylic acid formed min-1 mg protein-1, P<0.001). In serum, enzyme activity was higher in females than in males (aspirin-esterase I: males 0.85 ± 0.06 (N = 6) and females 1.18 ± 0.11 (N = 6) nmol of salicylic acid formed min-1 mg protein-1; aspirin-esterase II: males 1.03 ± 0.13 (N = 6) and females 1.34 ± 0.11 (N = 6) nmol of salicylic acid formed min-1 mg protein-1, P<0.001). In the other tissues assayed, no statistically significant difference between males and females was found. There were no statistically significant differences when the enzymes were assayed in different phases of the estrous cycle in liver and serum. These results show that the differences in aspirin-esterase activity observed between males and females are not due to the estrous cycle. The gender difference obtained in our study may indicate an involvement of gonadal hormones in the control of the hydrolysis of aspirin. This possibility is currently under investigation.

Incorporation of dietary trans monounsaturated fatty acids into tissues of Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats

The correlation between dietary trans fatty acids and neoplasia was examined in the present study. Walker 256 tumor-bearing and control rats were fed a trans monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich diet for 8 weeks and the incorporation of trans fatty acids by tumor tissue was examined. Also, the effect of tumor growth on trans fatty acid composition of plasma and liver, and the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) was determined. Walker 256 tumor cells presented both trans and cis MUFAs given in the diet. The equivalent diet proportions were 0.66 for trans and 1.14 for cis. Taking into consideration the proportion of trans MUFAs in plasma (11.47%), the tumor incorporated these fatty acids in a more efficient manner (18.27%) than the liver (9.34%). Therefore, the dietary trans fatty acids present in the diet are actively incorporated by the tumor. Tumor growth itself caused marked changes in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the plasma and liver but provoked only slight modifications in both trans and cis MUFAs. Tumor growth also reduced the unsaturation index in both plasma and liver, from 97.79 to 86.83 and from 77.51 to 69.64, respectively. This effect was partially related to an increase in the occurrence of the lipid oxidation/peroxidation process of TBARS content which was increased in both plasma (from 0.428 to 0.505) and liver (from 9.425 to 127.792) due to tumor growth.

The DNA puff BhB10-1 gene is differentially expressed in various tissues of Bradysia hygida late larvae and constitutively transcribed in transgenic Drosophila

We extended the characterization of the DNA puff BhB10-1 gene of Bradysia hygida by showing that, although its mRNA is detected only at the end of the fourth larval instar, BhB10-1 expression is not restricted to the salivary gland, the tissue in which this gene is amplified. Different amounts of BhB10-1 mRNA were detected in other larval tissues such as gut, Malpighian tubules, fat body, brain and cuticle, suggesting that this gene is expressed differentially in the various tissues analyzed. Analysis of transgenic Drosophila carrying the BhB10-1 transcription unit and flanking sequences revealed that the tested fragment promotes transcription in a constitutive manner. We suggest that either cis-regulatory elements are missing in the transgene or factors that temporally regulate the BhB10-1 gene in B. hygida are not conserved in Drosophila.

Influence of exercise on the activity and the distribution between free and bound forms of glycolytic and associated enzymes in tissues of horse mackerel

The effects of short-term burst (5 min at 1.8 m/s) swimming and long-term cruiser (60 min at 1.2 m/s) swimming on maximal enzyme activities and enzyme distribution between free and bound states were assessed for nine glycolytic and associated enzymes in tissues of horse mackerel, Trachurus mediterraneus ponticus. The effects of exercise were greatest in white muscle. The activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) all decreased to 47, 37, 37 and 67%, respectively, during 60-min exercise and all enzymes except phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) and PGM showed a change in the extent of binding to subcellular particulate fractions during exercise. In red muscle, exercise affected the activities of PGI, FBPase, PFK, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and altered percent binding of only PK and LDH. In liver, exercise increased the PK activity 2.3-fold and reduced PGI 1.7-fold only after 5 min of exercise but altered the percent binding of seven enzymes. Fewer effects were seen in brain, with changes in the activities of aldolase and PGM and in percent binding of hexokinase, PFK and PK. Changes in enzyme activities and in binding interactions with subcellular particulate matter appear to support the altered demands of tissue energy metabolism during exercise.

Expression of CYP2A3 mRNA and its regulation by 3-methylcholanthrene, pyrazole, and ß-ionone in rat tissues

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A enzymes are involved in the metabolism of numerous drugs and hormones and activate different carcinogens. Human CYP2A6, mouse CYP2A5 and rat CYP2A3 are orthologous enzymes that present high similarity in their amino acid sequence and share substrate specificities. However, different from the human and mouse enzyme, CYP2A3 is not expressed in the rat liver. There are limited data about expression of CYP2A3 in extrahepatic tissues and its regulation by typical CYP inducers. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to analyze CYP2A3 mRNA expression in different rat tissues by RT-PCR, and to study the influence of 3-methylcholanthrene, pyrazole and ß-ionone treatment on its expression. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 5 rats each, and were treated ip for 4 days with 3-methylcholanthrene (25 mg/kg body weight), pyrazole (150 mg/kg body weight), ß-ionone (1 g/kg body weight), or vehicle. Total RNA was extracted from tissues and CYP2A3 mRNA levels were analyzed by semiquantitative RT-PCR. CYP2A3 mRNA was constitutively expressed in the esophagus, lung and nasal epithelium, but not along the intestine, liver, or kidney. CYP2A3 mRNA levels were increased in the esophagus by treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene and pyrazole (17- and 7-fold, respectively), in lung by pyrazole and ß-ionone (3- and 4-fold, respectively, although not statistically significant), in the distal part of the intestine and kidney by 3-methylcholanthrene and pyrazole, and in the proximal part of the intestine by pyrazole. CYP2A3 mRNA was not induced in nasal epithelium, liver or in the middle part of the intestine. These data show that, in the rat, CYP2A3 is constitutively expressed in several extrahepatic tissues and its regulation occurs through a complex mechanism that is essentially tissue specific.

Effects of stress on catecholamine stores in central and peripheral tissues of long-term socially isolated rats

Both the peripheral sympatho-adrenomedullary and central catecholaminergic systems are activated by various psycho-social and physical stressors. Catecholamine stores in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, adrenal glands, and heart auricles of long-term socially isolated (21 days) and control 3-month-old male Wistar rats, as well as their response to immobilization of all 4 limbs and head fixed for 2 h and cold stress (4ºC, 2 h), were studied. A simultaneous single isotope radioenzymatic assay based on the conversion of catecholamines to the corresponding O-methylated derivatives by catechol-O-methyl-transferase in the presence of S-adenosyl-l-(³H-methyl)-methionine was used. The O-methylated derivatives were oxidized to ³H-vanilline and the radioactivity measured. Social isolation produced depletion of hypothalamic norepinephrine (about 18%) and hippocampal dopamine (about 20%) stores and no changes in peripheral tissues. Immobilization decreased catecholamine stores (approximately 39%) in central and peripheral tissues of control animals. However, in socially isolated rats, these reductions were observed only in the hippocampus and peripheral tissues. Cold did not affect hypothalamic catecholamine stores but reduced hippocampal dopamine (about 20%) as well as norepinephrine stores in peripheral tissues both in control and socially isolated rats, while epinephrine levels were unchanged. Thus, immobilization was more efficient in reducing catecholamine stores in control and chronically isolated rats compared to cold stress. The differences in rearing conditions appear to influence the response of adult animals to additional stress. In addition, the influence of previous exposure to a stressor on catecholaminergic activity in the brainstem depends on both the particular catecholaminergic area studied and the properties of additional acute stress. Therefore, the sensitivity of the catecholaminergic system to habituation appears to be tissue-specific.

Hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos em margarina, creme vegetal e maionese

Hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos (HAPs) são um grupo de compostos que têm sido objeto de muitas pesquisas devido ao seu potencial tóxico. Neste estudo, margarinas, cremes vegetais e maioneses disponíveis no mercado brasileiro foram analisadas quanto ao teor de pireno, fluoranteno, benzo(a)antraceno, criseno, benzo(b)fluoranteno, benzo(k)fluoranteno, benzo(a)pireno e dibenzo(a,h)antraceno. A metodologia analítica envolveu extração líquido-líquido, limpeza em coluna de sílica gel e determinação por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de fluorescência. Níveis variáveis de contaminação foram encontrados em marcas diferentes do mesmo produto e em lotes diferentes da mesma marca. O teor médio de HAPs totais encontrados esteve na faixa de 4,1 a 7,1mig/kg em cremes vegetais, de 1,7 a 3,9mig/kg em margarinas e de 1,0 a 21,7mig/kg em maioneses. Em geral, os produtos que declaravam conter óleo de milho em sua formulação mostraram os maiores níveis de contaminação. Com base nestes resultados e na importância de gorduras, óleos e produtos derivados como fonte de ingestão de HAPs, recomenda-se aos produtores de margarinas, cremes vegetais e maioneses que iniciem o controle da contaminação dos óleos vegetais utilizados na elaboração destes produtos, de forma a reduzir a exposição do consumidor à quantidades excessivas de compostos potencialmente carcinogênicos.

Comportamento do óleo de soja refinado utilizado em fritura por imersão com alimentos de origem vegetal

A fritura é uma operação que confere aos alimentos características de odor, sabor, cor e textura de grande aceitabilidade sensorial. O óleo ou gordura pode, entretanto, se tornar um ingrediente capaz de introduzir alterações químicas provocadas pelo aquecimento prolongado. Neste trabalho, estudou-se o comportamento do óleo de soja refinado em fritura de imersão intermitente, em restaurante universitário, sob temperatura controlada entre 170ºC e 180ºC, por um período de 30 horas. Foram utilizados 101 litros de óleo de soja para processar 373kg de vegetais, como batata, couve-flor, abobrinha e mandioca. Analisou-se o óleo mediante determinações físicas de absortividade no u.v. (A232nm e A270nm) e cor (Lovibond), e químicas (índice de acidez (IA) e compostos polares (CP)). Análise sensorial de aceitabilidade foi realizada nos produtos. Os parâmetros-limite que determinaram o descarte do óleo foram: 25% de compostos polares, 1% de ácidos graxos livres e média de 7,0 para o teste de aceitabilidade. Os resultados ao final do período foram: IA, 0,282; CP, 18,8%; cor Lovibond 14Y/2R; A232nm de 9,213; A270nm de 2,409 e 7,96 para o teste de aceitabilidade. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que, apesar do aquecimento do óleo ter levado a alterações hidrolíticas e oxidativas, os parâmetros não atingiram o nível de descarte, indicando que o óleo de soja submetido a essas condições de fritura pode ser usado por 30 horas.

Sustitución de lardo por grasa vegetal en salchichas: incorporación de pasta de aguacate. Efecto de la inhibición del oscurecimiento enzimático sobre el color

La sustitución de grasa animal es importante para mejorar la calidad nutricional de los alimentos de origen animal. Tradicionalmente, los embutidos contienen cantidades relativamente altas de grasas insaturadas, por lo que se ha buscado la sustitución parcial o total de estas con grasas o aceites de origen vegetal. El aprovechamiento del aguacate como fuente de grasa vegetal es una alternativa para este tipo de productos. La oxidación de este fruto es uno de los principales problemas durante la industrialización. En este trabajo se han añadido dos inhibidores del oscurecimiento enzimático, ácido ascórbico y eritorbato de sodio, para determinar el efecto de éstos sobre el color de salchichas de cerdo. Se han encontrado diferencias en la luminosidad de las muestras con respecto al tratamiento control, además de que este mismo parámetro se ha reducido con el tiempo de almacenamiento. No ha habido efecto significativo de los antioxidantes sobre las otras componentes del color. El uso de eritorbato de sodio en la elaboración de pasta de aguacate ha reducido el oscurecimiento de la pasta durante su congelación, sin afectar mayormente otros parámetros de color del producto terminado. La aceptación del producto por un grupo de consumidores ha sido aceptable.