Aspectos epidemiológicos da tuberculose na população indígena Suruí, Amazônia, Brasil

A tuberculose permanece como prioridade de saúde pública no Brasil e atinge níveis preocupantes em certos segmentos sociais, como é o caso dos povos indígenas. O objetivo deste artigo é proceder a uma análise epidemiológica do banco de dados do Programa Municipal de Controle da Tuberculose em Cacoal, Rondônia, buscando-se caracterizar o perfil da doença no grupo indígena Suruí. Foi conduzida análise descritiva dos casos notificados entre 1975 e 2002. Os resultados evidenciam indicadores epidemiológicos alarmantes se comparados a de outros segmentos populacionais indígenas e não-indígenas. O coeficiente de incidência médio de tuberculose verificado nos Suruí no decênio 1991-2002 foi de 2518,9 por 100.000 habitantes. Foi observado que 45% dos casos foram em crianças < 15 anos e 63,3% eram do sexo masculino. Somente 43,2% dos casos notificados tiveram confirmação baciloscópica. Não há registro de realização de testes com PPD, cultura ou exame histopatológico no período. Chama-se a atenção para a necessidade de implementação de medidas de prevenção e controle voltados especificamente para a realidade dos povos indígenas.

Infecção pelo vírus da hepatite A em área indígena da Amazônia oriental brasileira

A hepatite viral A representa importante problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo, estando relacionada às condições sócioeconômicas e de higiene da população. Na Amazônia brasileira, estudos soroepidemiológicos em populações indígenas tem demonstrado alta endemicidade relacionada à infecção. Objetivando avaliar a prevalência da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite A em aldeia xicrin, no município de Altamira-Pará-Brasil, cuja investigação foi desencadeada por óbito de criança indígena, que evoluiu clinicamente em nove dias, com quadro ictero-hemorrágico, sem realização de exame sorológico, foram analisadas 352 amostras de sangue através de testes sorológicos dos marcadores virais das hepatites A, B, C e D, por técnica imunoenzimática, que indicaram uma prevalência de 98% de anticorpos contra a hepatite A e destes, 30,5% com infecção recente, caracterizando em base laboratorial, o surto de infecção pelo vírus da hepatite A e levantando a possibilidade de estar associado com o óbito ocorrido na aldeia.

Human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in Olinda, State of Pernambuco, between 2002 and 2006

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the data on human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in Olinda, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Data from 7,062 patients who underwent antirabies prophylactic treatment in Olinda between 2002 and 2006 were analyzed. As expected, dogs and cats were involved in most of the cases; i.e. 82.3 and 16.3%, respectively. Attacks by nonhuman primates, bats and other species (unspecified) were also reported. Among the 7,062 patients who underwent antirabies treatment, 582 patients abandoned the treatment, either by indication from the health unit (195) or by their own decision (387). In conclusion, this study has indicated that prophylaxis for human rabies in this urban area will require a multifaceted approach, including health education, post-exposure prophylaxis, systematic vaccination for dogs and cats, and possibly selective control over wild animals such as hematophagous bats.

Standardization of an ELISA test using a recombinant nucleoprotein from the Junin virus as the antigen and serological screening for arenavirus among the population of Nova Xavantina, State of Mato Grosso

INTRODUCTION: Arenavirus hemorrhagic fever is a severe emerging disease. METHODS: Considering that the levels of antibodies against arenavirus in the Brazilian population are completely unknown, we have standardized an ELISA test for detecting IgG antibodies using a recombinant nucleoprotein from the Junin virus as the antigen. This protein was obtained by inserting the gene of the Junin virus nucleoprotein into the genome of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus, using the Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system. This recombinant baculovirus was used to infect S. frugiperda cells (SF9). RESULTS: The infection resulted in synthesis of high concentrations of recombinant protein. This protein was detected on 12.5% polyacrylamide gel and by means of Western blot. Using the standardized ELISA test, 343 samples from the population of Nova Xavantina were analyzed. We observed that 1.4% of the serum samples (five samples) presented antibody titers against arenavirus. CONCLUSIONS: These results show the population studied may present exposure to arenavirus infection.

Phlebotomine sandfly fauna and natural Leishmania infection rates in a rural area of Cerrado (tropical savannah) in Nova Mutum, State of Mato Grosso in Brazil

Introduction American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) has been reported in every municipality of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, but the transmission epidemiology remains poorly understood. Our study was developed in a rural area of the Nova Mutum municipality where four autochthonous cases of ACL were reported in 2009. Our aims were to describe the local phlebotomine sandfly fauna and to investigate the infection rates and infecting Leishmania species in the captured sandflies. Methods Entomological captures were performed bimonthly at 10 fixed sites close to the edge of a forested area between June 2011 and April 2012. Results A total of 3,743 phlebotomine sandflies belonging to 31 distinct species were captured. Approximately 75% of the specimens were females. The most abundant species (45.4%) was Lutzomyia antunesi, which was consistently captured at every site. Species that are epidemiologically important for ACL, such as L. flaviscutellata, L. whitmani and L. umbratilis, were also captured. L. antunesi and L. ubiquitalis were naturally infected by Leishmania braziliensis or Le. guyanensis, with minimum infection rates of 0.88% and 6.67%, respectively. Surprisingly, L. antunesi was infected by Le. infantum (synonym chagasi). Conclusions The natural infection of L. antunesi and L. ubiquitalis by Leishmania sp. suggests that these species might play a role in the zoonotic cycle of ACL in Nova Mutum. The presence of Le. infantum in L. antunesi suggests that there may be a risk of an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Nova Mutum.

Immature Aedes mosquitoes colonize Culex quinquefasciatus breeding sites in neighborhoods in the municipality of Olinda, State of Pernambuco

Introduction The present study shows the colonization of Aedes mosquitoes in breeding sites specific for Culex quinquefasciatus in neighborhoods in the municipality of Olinda. Methods Samples were collected between May 2011 and June 2012 from breeding sites positive for Cx. quinquefasciatus by using a ladle and manual suction pump. Results Aedes aegypti (0.12%), Aedes albopictus (0.03%), and Cx. quinquefasciatus (99.8%) were found across the breeding sites. Conclusions The presence of Aedes ssp. in several Cx. quinquefasciatus breeding sites with a heavy load of organic material demonstrates the need to review the concepts and methods used for treatment, as the use of specific larvicide for breeding sites of Culex.

Spatiotemporal analysis of reported cases of acute Chagas disease in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, from 2002 to 2013

INTRODUCTION: Control strategies to eliminate the transmission of Chagas disease by insect vectors have significantly decreased the number of reported acute cases in Brazil. However, data regarding the incidence and distribution of acute Chagas disease cases in the State of Pernambuco are unavailable in the literature. METHODS: A geographical information system was used to delineate the spatiotemporal distribution profile of the cases from 2002 to 2013 in 185 municipalities of Pernambuco based on the municipality where notification occurred. The results were presented in digital maps generated by the TerraView software (INPE). RESULTS: A total of 302 cases of acute disease were recorded in 37.8% of the municipalities, for a total of 0.13 cases per 1,000,000 inhabitants per year. Out of the 302 cases, 99.3% were reported between 2002 and 2006. The most affected municipalities were Carnaubeira da Penha, Mirandiba and Terra Nova. The risk maps showed a significant decrease in the number of notifications and a concentration of cases in the Midwest region. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights a significant decrease in new cases of acute Chagas disease in Pernambuco starting in 2006 when Brazil received an international certification for the interruption of vectorial transmission by Triatoma infestans. However, control strategies should still be encouraged because other triatomine species can also transmit the parasite; moreover, other transmission modes must not be neglected.

Aedes aegypti eggs oviposited on water surface collected from field ovitraps in Nova Iguaçu City, Brazil

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Aedes aegypti eggs can be collected from the water surface. METHODS: Aedes aegypti oviposition from 97 field ovitraps was studied. RESULTS: Of the 16,016 eggs collected, 11,439 were obtained from paddles in ovitraps and 4,577 from water. Further, 89 (91.8%) traps contained eggs on water and 22 (22.7%) traps contained eggs only on water. CONCLUSIONS: In field traps, Aedes aegypti females usually oviposit some eggs on water surface suggesting that they might also oviposit on water of some natural breeding, and this possibility needs to be investigated. Eggs oviposited on water need to be considered for collecting trap data.

Enterolobium barnebianum A.L. Mesquita & M.F. da Silva, uma nova Mimosácea para a Amazônia brasileira, Colômbia e Peru.

Enterolobium barnebianum A.L. Mesquita & M.F. da Silva é descrita e apresentada como nova espécie para a região amazônica e países limítrofes.

Avaliação do crescimento e da produção de Jaraquis (Semaprochilodus spp), em açude de igarapé de terra firme nos arredores de Manaus, Amazonas

Foi testado o potencial de crescimento e de produção de jaraquis em açude de igarapé de terra firme, de águas quimicamente pobres, utilizando resíduos de lavagem de dejetos de criação de suínos como fonte de alimento e de adubação orgânica. Em período experimental de 383 dias, à taxa de estocagem de 1 peixe / m2, a produção foi de 1277 kg/ha, com crescimento análogo àquele obtido em ambiente natural. As condições físico-químicas da água do açude foram acompanhadas mensalmente. Os resultados evidenciam que os jaraqui apresentam um bom potencial para cultivo na Amazônia.