Diurnal variations of non-structural carbohydrates in vegetative tissues of Melinis minutiflora, Echinolaena inflexa and Lolium multiflorum (Poaceae)

Echinolaena inflexa (Poir.) Chase is a native C3 grass species with high biomass production and abundance in the cerrado comparable to Melinis minutiflora Beauv., a C4 forage grass of African origin, widespread in the cerrado, displacing some native herbaceous species. These species accumulate mainly starch, differently of Lolium multiflorum Lam. ssp. italicum Beck cv. Lema (ryegrass), a C3 temperate forage grass that accumulates fructans as the major storage carbohydrate in the vegetative tissues. In the present study, we analyzed diurnal variations in the content and composition of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in the aerial vegetative parts of the three species. Results showed similarity in water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and starch contents between Melinis minutiflora and Echinolaena inflexa, with the exotic grass accumulating higher amounts of NSC. However, the levels of sucrose, glucose and fructose were 10 fold higher in Lolium multiflorum, that accumulates fructan as the main storage carbohydrate. Although the contents of WSC and starch were similar in the tropical species E. inflexa and M. minutiflora, their diurnal variations were different and could be related to starch metabolism, especially in M. minutiflora.

Morfo-anatomia do sistema subterrâneo de Calea verticillata (Klatt) Pruski e Isostigma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Sherff - Asteraceae

Várias espécies herbáceas do cerrado apresentam sistema subterrâneo espessado, esses podem ser de natureza radicular, caulinar ou mista. Esses sistemas muitas vezes possuem potencial gemífero, promovendo o rebrotamento de ramos aéreos após um período desfavorável do ambiente, como uma seca prolongada ou uma queimada. A verificação da natureza dos sistemas subterrâneos é de extrema importância para utilização correta da terminologia dos mesmos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi fornecer informações sobre a morfo-anatomia dos sistemas subterrâneos de Calea verticillata e Isostigma megapotamicum, com ênfase na formação de gemas caulinares. Os sistemas subterrâneos foram coletados em áreas do cerrado do Estado de São Paulo. As espécies apresentam sistema subterrâneo bastante complexo, com estrutura anatômica mista, lignificada, auto-enxertias de ramos e raízes e elevada capacidade gemífera, ambas espécies são providas de xilopódios e as gemas têm origem cambial. Foi verificada a presença de canais secretores em C. verticillata e em I. megapotamicum, originados a partir de células derivadas do câmbio vascular. O teste microquímico realizado com Sudan black B confirmou a natureza lipídica da secreção. Em I. megapotamicum foi verificada a presença de cristais de inulina sob luz polarizada. Os sistemas subterrâneos aumentam as chances de sobrevivência das duas espécies estudadas às condições adversas do cerrado, pois apresentam alto potencial gemífero, promovendo o rebrotamento de ramos aéreos durante a estação favorável.

Viabilidade polínica de Carica papaya L.: uma comparação metodológica

A viabilidade polínica do mamoeiro cultivar 'Sunrise Solo' (Carica papaya L.) foi estudada utilizando germinação in vitro e testes colorimétricos, assim como a validade dos testes colorimétricos como estimativa de viabilidade comparada àquela do teste germinativo. Os dois meios de cultura, descritos na literatura como meios eficientes para germinação da espécie, diferem basicamente pela presença de nutrientes essenciais e concentração de ágar. O meio de cultura sem elementos essenciais e com maior concentração de ágar forneceu o melhor índice de germinação polínica (65%). Os cinco corantes testados foram: 2,3,5-cloreto de trifeniltetrazólio (TTC), Alexander, carmim acético, lugol e Sudan IV. O teste de coloração com TTC forneceu estimativa de viabilidade (67,5%) equivalente ao teste de germinação in vitro e, portanto, confiável de viabilidade polínica. Os demais corantes testados superestimaram a viabilidade polínica (> 90%), porém são eficientes na determinação de constituintes celulares e da integridade do grão de pólen.

Hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharide fractions containing ß-glucans from extracts of Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E. Hubb., Poaceae

ß-Glucans are soluble fibers with physiological functions, such as interference with absorption of sugars and reduction of serum lipid levels. The objective of the present study was to analyze the distribution of ß-glucans in different tissues of the African grass species Rhynchelytrum repens and also to evaluate their hypoglycemic activity. Leaf blades, sheaths, stems, and young leaves of R. repens were submitted to extraction with 4 M KOH. Analysis of the fractions revealed the presence of arabinose, glucose, xylose, and traces of rhamnose and galactose. The presence of ß-glucan in these fractions was confirmed by hydrolyzing the polymers with endo-ß-glucanase from Bacillus subtilis, followed by HPLC analysis of the characteristic oligosaccharides produced. The 4 M KOH fractions from different tissues were subjected to gel permeation chromatography on Sepharose 4B, with separation of polysaccharides with different degrees of polymerization, the highest molecular mass (above 2000 kDa) being found in young leaves. The molecular mass of the leaf blade polymers was similar (250 kDa) to that of maize coleoptile ß-glucan used for comparison. The 4 M KOH fraction injected into rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes showed hypoglycemic activity, reducing blood sugar to normal levels for approximately 24 h. This performance was better than that obtained with pure ß-glucan from barley, which decreased blood sugar levels for about 4 h. These results suggest that the activity of ß-glucans from R. repens is responsible for the use of this plant extract as a hypoglycemic drug in folk medicine.

Symmetric pollen mitosis I and suppression of pollen mitosis II prevent pollen development in Brachiaria jubata (Gramineae)

Microsporogenesis and pollen development were analyzed in a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 36) accession of the forage grass Brachiaria jubata (BRA 007820) from the Embrapa Beef Cattle Brachiaria collection that showed partial male sterility. Microsporocytes and pollen grains were prepared by squashing and staining with 0.5% propionic carmine. The meiotic process was typical of polyploids, with precocious chromosome migration to the poles and laggards in both meiosis I and II, resulting in tetrads with micronuclei in some microspores. After callose dissolution, microspores were released into the anther locule and appeared to be normal. Although each microspore initiated its differentiation into a pollen grain, in 11.1% of them nucleus polarization was not observed, i.e., pollen mitosis I was symmetric and the typical hemispherical cell plate was not detected. After a central cytokinesis, two equal-sized cells showing equal chromatin condensation and the same nuclear shape and size were formed. Generative cells and vegetative cells could not be distinguished. These cells did not undergo the second pollen mitosis and after completion of pollen wall synthesis each gave rise to a sterile and uninucleate pollen grain. The frequency of abnormal pollen mitosis varied among flowers and also among inflorescences. All plants were equally affected. The absence of fertile sperm cells in a considerable amount of pollen grains in this accession of B. jubata may compromise its use in breeding and could explain, at least in part, why seed production is low when compared with the amount of flowers per raceme.

Coronary fat content evaluated by morphometry in patients with severe atherosclerosis has no relation with serum lipid levels

The relationship between lipid serum levels and coronary atherosclerotic plaque fat content was studied in 51 necropsy patients. Serum lipids were measured by standard techniques, during life, in the absence of lipid-lowering drugs. Intima, intimal fat and media areas were measured using a computerized system in cryosections of the odd segments of the right, anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries stained with Sudan-IV. Mean intimal and lipid areas were 5.74 ± 1.98 and 1.22 ± 0.55 mm² (22.12 ± 8.48%) in 26 cases with high cholesterol (³200 mg/dL) and 4.98 ± 1.94 and 1.16 ± 0.66 mm² (22.75 ± 9.06%) in 25 cases with normal cholesterol (<200 mg/dL; P > 0.05). Patients with high levels of low-density lipoprotein (³130 mg/dL, N = 15) had a higher intima/media area ratio than those with normal levels of low-density lipoprotein (<130 mg/dL, N = 13, P < 0.01). No significant difference in the morphometrical variables was found in groups with high or low serum levels of triglycerides (³200 mg/dL, N = 13 vs <200 mg/dL, N = 36) or high-density lipoprotein (³35 mg/dL, N = 11 vs <35 mg/dL, N = 17). The association between the morphological measurements and serum levels of cholesterol, its fractions, and triglycerides was also tested and the correlation coefficients were low. Although high cholesterol is a risk factor, we show here that in patients with severe atherosclerosis blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels seem to have little influence on coronary lipid content, indicating that other factors may contribute to arterial lipid deposition and plaque formation.

Sulphuric acid scarification effects on Brachiaria brizantha, B. humidicola and Panicum maximum seed dormancy release

Most tropical forage grass species have dormant seeds, which reduce percentages in germination tests. The objective of this study was to evaluate H2SO4 scarification effects on seed dormancy releasing, through germination time (T50) and variability among germination test replicates, in 630, 94 and 82 seed samples of B. brizantha, B. humidicola and P. maximum, respectively, tested at the Central Seed Testing Laboratory, Campinas, Brazil, from 1991 to 1999. Germination tests used two 4 x 100 replicates of intact and scarified seeds (15-, 10-, 5-minute treatments, respectively). Mean germination time (T50) and variability among germination replicates were also analysed. Statistical analysis was performed by t-test paired samples for means. Scarification promoted general decreases in T50, while variability among germination test replicates was reduced in B. brizantha. Scarification increase germination in B. brizantha and P. maximum, but is deleterious in B. humidicola.

Alterações estruturais e fisiológicas em sementes de Copaifera Langsdorffii DESF. - Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae submetidas ao tratamento com hipoclorito de sódio

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito do hipoclorito de sódio (NaClO) sobre a testa das sementes, germinação e o estabelecimento de plântulas de copaíba. A remoção da cutícula da testa de sementes após imersão em NaClO a 2,5% foi evidenciada pelo corante Sudan IV e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Com a remoção dessa camada ocorreu aumento significativo na absorção de água pela semente, durante a fase inicial da embebição. Substâncias fenólicas, provavelmente inibitórias da germinação, foram detectadas com cloreto férrico nas paredes celulares dos cotilédones. A imersão em NaClO foi mais favorável para a emergência de plântulas (54%), quando comparada com a escarificação mecânica (2%) e controle (14%). Esses resultados permitem concluir que a utilização do NaClO é uma alternativa eficaz para a produção de mudas em larga escala, devido principalmente às suas propriedades antissépticas.