Comportamento germinativo de espécies epífitas e rupícolas de Bromeliaceae do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Estudou-se o comportamento germinativo de quatro espécies de Bromeliaceae [Alcantarea imperialis (Carrière) Harms, Pitcairnia flammea Lindl., Vriesea heterostachys (Baker) L. B. Sm. e Vriesea penduliflora L. B. Sm.], oriundas do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca - MG, com preferências contrastantes de habitat e representando duas formas de vida diferentes. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: a) caracterizar as sementes quanto ao tipo de germinação e descrever a morfologia do desenvolvimento pós-seminal; b) avaliar o efeito das temperaturas constantes (10 °C a 40 °C) e alternada (20-30 °C); c) da razão vermelho:vermelho-extremo (V:VE) e d) dos diferentes potenciais de água na porcentagem e na velocidade de germinação das sementes. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as espécies produzem sementes pequenas e muito leves, variando de 0,2 a 1,7 mg; a germinação é epígea com plântulas criptocotiledonares e apresentaram valores ótimos de temperatura entre 20 °C e 30 °C. Vriesea heterostachys e V. penduliflora foram as únicas que germinaram com sucesso no escuro, mas as sementes das quatro espécies requerem luz para a máxima germinação. Os valores de V:VE que resultaram em 50% da máxima germinação variaram entre as espécies. As condições de estresse hídrico reduziram a porcentagem e a velocidade de germinação de forma distinta entre as espécies. A. imperialis e P. flammea foram menos sensíveis aos baixos potenciais hídricos. Os requerimentos germinativos contrastantes entre as espécies estudadas estão relacionados à preferência de habitat de cada uma delas.

Polypodiaceae e Pteridaceae da Estação Ecológica do Panga, Uberlândia, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil

O presente trabalho apresenta o tratamento taxonômico das espécies de Polypodiaceae e Pteridaceae da Estação Ecológica do Panga. A Estação Ecológica do Panga abrange 409,5 ha e está situada a 30 km ao sul do centro da cidade de Uberlândia, MG, entre as coordenadas 19°09'20"-19°11'10" S e 48°23'20"-48°24'35" W, a 740-840 m de altitude. A área apresenta grande importância ecológica por ser uma das poucas formações de vegetação natural da região e por possuir diferentes fisionomias comuns do bioma Cerrado como campestres, savânicas e florestais. Polypodiaceae está representada por quatro gêneros e sete espécies (Campyloneurum centrobrasilianum Lellinger, C. phyllitidis (L.) C. Presl, C. repens (Aubl.) C. Presl, Microgramma lindbergii (Mett. ex Kuhn) de la Sota, M. persicariifolia (Schrad.) C. Presl, Pecluma robusta (Fée) M. Kessler & A.R. Sm. e Phlebodium areolatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) J. Sm.) e Pteridaceae por quatro gêneros e oito espécies (Adiantopsis chlorophylla (Sw.) Fée, Adiantum deflectens Mart., A. intermedium Sw., A. serratodentatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link, P. trifoliata (L.) R.M. Tryon, Pteris quadriaurita Retz. e P. vittata L.). São apresentadas chaves para gêneros e espécies, bem como ilustrações e comentários da distribuição geográfica de todos os táxons.

Fenologia de floração e polinização de espécies ornitófilas de bromeliáceas em uma área de campo rupestre da Chapada Diamantina, BA, Brasil

(Fenologia de floração e polinização de espécies ornitófilas de bromeliáceas em uma área de campo rupestre da Chapada Diamantina, BA, Brasil). Beija-flores são os principais polinizadores de bromeliáceas e a floração sequencial propicia a manutenção local destas aves. Neste estudo investigamos as estratégias fenológicas de floração e os visitantes florais de cinco bromeliáceas ornitófilas em uma área de campo rupestre na Chapada Diamantina, Bahia. Os dados sobre fenologia de floração foram coletados pelo acompanhamento mensal da fenofase de floração de indivíduos no período entre julho de 2006 e dezembro de 2007. Os visitantes florais foram registrados em observações naturalísticas de fevereiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2003 e de julho de 2006 a dezembro de 2007. A maioria das espécies floresceu no fim da estação seca e no início da estação chuvosa; Hohenbergia ramageana Mez apresentou floração contínua na área. A comunidade de bromélias estudada apresentou floração seqüencial e contínua, proporcionando recursos para a manutenção dos polinizadores na área ao longo do ano. Seis troquilídeos, um cerebídeo e três espécies de abelhas visitaram flores das bromélias. Chlorostilbon lucidus (Shaw, 1812), Phaethornis pretrei (Lesson & Delattre, 1839) e Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1759) foram os principais polinizadores das plantas na área. Neoregelia bahiana (Ule) L. B. Sm., de corola de tubo longo é a espécie mais especializada, tendo P. pretrei como seu único polinizador, enquanto H. ramageana, com corola de tubo curto, é a mais generalista, considerada como um importante recurso para os beija-flores da área

Caracterização cromossômica de Anthurium gaudichaudianum (Araceae), uma espécie nativa do Brasil

O cariótipo de Anthurium gaudichaudianum Kunth, uma espécie pertencente à família Araceae, é descrito pela primeira vez. Esta espécie, originária do Brasil, ocorre desde o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul até o de São Paulo e os exemplares analisados foram coletados na Floresta Atlântica brasileira, nas matas nativas dos Municípios de Torres e Peruíbe, localizados respectivamente nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de São Paulo. Anthurium gaudichaudianum tem 2n = 2x = 30 e seu cariótipo é formado por três pares de cromossomos metacêntricos, nove pares de cromossomos submetacêntricos e três pares de cromossomos acrocêntricos, um dos quais com satélites (6 m + 18 sm + 6 a). O tamanho dos cromossomos varia de 6,0 a 2,8 μm aproximadamente. O número 2n descrito para A. gaudichaudianum está de acordo com o complemento cromossômico somático encontrado para a maioria das espécies desse extenso gênero.

Palinotaxonomia de Besleria L. e Napeanthus Gardn. (Beslerieae/Napeantheae - Gesneriaceae) com ênfase nas espécies ocorrentes no Estado de São Paulo

Foi apresentado o estudo polínico de três espécies de Besleria L. (B. longimucronata Hoehne, B. selloana Klotzsch & Hanst., B. umbrosa Mart.) e uma espécie de Napeanthus (Napeanthus primulifolius (Raddi) Sandw.) ocorrentes no Estado de São Paulo, além de Napeanthus reitzii (L. B. Sm.) B. L. Burtt ex Leeuwenb. que ocorre no Sul do Brasil. Os grãos de pólen foram acetolisados, medidos, descritos e fotomicrografados sob microscopia de luz. Para observar detalhes da ornamentação e estrutura da exina, grãos de pólen não acetolisados foram analisados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão. As medidas receberam tratamento estatístico. Os grãos de pólen foram descritos como pequenos a médios, isopolares, oblato-esferoidais, 3-colporados, endoaberturas lolongadas, psilado-perfurados (B. longimucronata), rugulados (B. umbrosa) ou microrreticulados (B. selloana, N. primulifolius e N. reitzii). Os resultados obtidos demonstram a importância taxonômica da morfologia polínica para corroborar a subdivisão dos táxons nas tribos Beslerieae e Napeantheae.

Lecythidaceae Poit. in the Tupé Sustainable Development Reserve, Manaus, Brazil

Lecythidaceae is the family of the Brazil nut, and comprises about 300 species belonging to 17 genera with pantropical distributions. One hundred and twenty-two species belonging to nine genera are distributed throughout Brazil, demonstrating its greatest diversity in the Amazon rainforest where Lecythidaceae is also one of the most abundant families. It is usually difficult to collect fertile material from these trees because of their canopy heights, and species determinations using sterile material can be complex because of their morphological similarities. There have been relatively few studies of this family even though it is one of the most important groups in the Amazon region, and a detailed taxonomic treatment of the species of Lecythidaceae in the Tupé Sustainable Development Reserve was therefore the goal of the present work. Ten species were found, Allantoma lineata (Mart. ex O.Berg) Miers, Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl., Couratari tenuicarpa A.C.Sm., Lecythis poiteaui O. Berg; and six species of Eschweilera, the richest genus. The descriptions and identification keys of the species used 56 characters. The main reproductive characters useful for distinguishing the species were the pubescence of the inflorescence rachis, pedicel length and trichomes presence, floral symmetry, hood type, filament shape, stigma shape, fruit shape and size, and aril type. The most diagnostic vegetative characters were the type and color of the outer bark, inner bark color, midrib prominence, and petiole shape and pubescence.

Matriz ideológico-política cristiana e izquierda social: la crítica a la modernidad en la revista Alternativa Latinoamericana (1985-1990)

Resumen En la Argentina el importante rol que el cristianismo liberacionista ha jugado en la conformación y planteamiento y conceptualización de una izquierda movimentaria no tradicionalmente política ha sido frecuentemente pasado por alto. En este artículo argumentamos sobre la presencia de una matriz político-ideológica cristiana, esto es, una tradición particular de objetivación de lo social y lo político, operando en el origen mismo de esta izquierda social. Analizamos posteriormente algunas de las características comunes a muchos de los nuevos movimientos sociales latinoamericanos y establecemos un paralelo con las formas de categorizar lo social típicas de los movimientos cristianos. Finalmente realizamos un relevamiento de esas categorías en una editorial de la revista Alternativa Latinoamericana, empleada aquí en tanto documento del discurso cristiano-ecuménico en la Argentina de los ’80.

alpha-Smooth muscle actin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: functional and structural parameters of renal disease progression

The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SM-actin) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in renal cortex from patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and their correlations with parameters of renal disease progression. We analyzed renal biopsies from 41 patients with idiopathic FSGS and from 14 control individuals. The alpha-SM-actin immunoreaction was evaluated using a score that reflected the changes in the extent and intensity of staining in the glomerular or cortical area. The PCNA reaction was quantified by counting the labeled cells of the glomeruli or renal cortex. The results, reported as median ± percentile (25th; 75th), showed that the alpha-SM-actin scores in the glomeruli and tubulointerstitium from the renal cortex were 2.0 (2.0; 4.0) and 3.0 (3.0; 4.0), respectively, in patients with FSGS, and 0.5 (0.0; 1.0) and 0.0 (0.0; 0.5) in the controls. The number of PCNA-positive cells per glomerulus and graded field of tubulointerstitium from the renal cortex was 0.2 (0.0; 0.4) and 1.1 (0.3; 2.2), respectively, for patients with FSGS, and 0.0 (0.0; 0.5) and 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) for controls. The present data showed an increase of alpha-SM-actin and PCNA expression in glomeruli and renal cortex from FSGS patients. The extent of immunoreaction for alpha-SM-actin in the tubulointerstitial area was correlated with the intensity of proteinuria. However, there was no correlation between the kidney expression of these proteins and the reciprocal of plasma creatinine level or renal fibrosis. These findings suggest that the immunohistochemical alterations may be reversible.

GLUT4 protein expression in obese and lean 12-month-old rats: insights from different types of data analysis

GLUT4 protein expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle (SM) was investigated in 2-month-old, 12-month-old spontaneously obese or 12-month-old calorie-restricted lean Wistar rats, by considering different parameters of analysis, such as tissue and body weight, and total protein yield of the tissue. In WAT, a ~70% decrease was observed in plasma membrane and microsomal GLUT4 protein, expressed as µg protein or g tissue, in both 12-month-old obese and 12-month-old lean rats compared to 2-month-old rats. However, when plasma membrane and microsomal GLUT4 tissue contents were expressed as g body weight, they were the same. In SM, GLUT4 protein content, expressed as µg protein, was similar in 2-month-old and 12-month-old obese rats, whereas it was reduced in 12-month-old obese rats, when expressed as g tissue or g body weight, which may play an important role in insulin resistance. Weight loss did not change the SM GLUT4 content. These results show that altered insulin sensitivity is accompanied by modulation of GLUT4 protein expression. However, the true role of WAT and SM GLUT4 contents in whole-body or tissue insulin sensitivity should be determined considering not only GLUT4 protein expression, but also the strong morphostructural changes in these tissues, which require different types of data analysis.

Presence of autoantibodies against HeLa small nuclear ribonucleoproteins in chagasic and non-chagasic cardiac patients

We detected anti-human small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) autoantibodies in chagasic patients by different immunological methods using HeLa snRNPs. ELISA with Trypanosoma cruzi total lysate antigen or HeLa human U small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (UsnRNPs) followed by incubation with sera from chronic chagasic and non-chagasic cardiac patients was used to screen and compare serum reactivity. Western blot analysis using a T. cruzi total cell extract was also performed in order to select some sera for Western blot and immunoprecipitation assays with HeLa nuclear extract. ELISA showed that 73 and 95% of chronic chagasic sera reacted with HeLa UsnRNPs and T. cruzi antigens, respectively. The Western blot assay demonstrated that non-chagasic cardiac sera reacted with high molecular weight proteins present in T. cruzi total extract, probably explaining the 31% reactivity found by ELISA. However, these sera reacted weakly with HeLa UsnRNPs, in contrast to the chagasic sera, which showed autoantibodies with human Sm (from Stefanie Smith, the first patient in whom this activity was identified) proteins (B/B', D1, D2, D3, E, F, and G UsnRNP). Immunoprecipitation reactions using HeLa nuclear extracts confirmed the reactivity of chagasic sera and human UsnRNA/RNPs, while the other sera reacted weakly only with U1snRNP. These findings agree with previously reported data, thus supporting the idea of the presence of autoimmune antibodies in chagasic patients. Interestingly, non-chagasic cardiac sera also showed reactivity with T. cruzi antigen and HeLa UsnRNPs, which suggests that individuals with heart disease of unknown etiology may develop autoimmune antibodies at any time. The detection of UsnRNP autoantibodies in chagasic patients might contribute to our understanding of how they develop upon initial T. cruzi infection.

Maturation of pig oocytes in vitro in a medium with pyruvate

The aim of in vitro maturation oocyte systems is to produce oocytes of comparable quality to those derived in vivo. The present study was designed to examine the surface morphological changes of the cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) and nuclear maturation in a culture system containing pyruvate. Ovaries were obtained from a slaughterhouseand transported to the laboratory within 2 h at 35-39ºC,and rinsed three times in 0.9% NaCl. The COCs were harvested from the ovaries and in vitro maturation was evaluated in San Marcos (SM) medium, a chemically defined culture system containing 22.3 mM sodium pyruvate. Oocytes were cultured in SM, SM + porcine follicular fluid (pFF) and in SM + pFF + gonadotropins (eCG and hCG) for 20-22 h and then without hormonal supplements for an additional 20-22 h. After culture, the degree of cumulus expansion and frequency of nuclear maturation were determined. Oocytes matured in SM (40.9%) and SM + pFF (42.9%) showed moderate cumulus expansion, whereas oocytes matured in SM + pFF + gonadotropins (54.6%) showed high cumulus expansion. The maturation rate of cultured oocytes, measured in function of the presence of the polar corpuscle, did not differ significantly between SM (40.9 ± 3.6%) and SM + pFF (42.9 ± 3.7%). These results indicate that pig oocytes can be successfully matured in a chemically definedmedium and suggest a possible bifunctional role of pyruvate as an energy substrate and as an antioxidant protecting oocytes against the stress of the in vitro environment.

HLA-DRB1 alleles in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: renal histologic class correlations

Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) DRB1*03 and DRB1*02 have been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Caucasians and black populations. It has been observed that certain HLA alleles show stronger associations with SLE autoantibodies and clinical subsets, although they have rarely been associated with lupus renal histologic class. In the present study, HLA-DRB1 allele correlations with clinical features, autoantibodies and renal histologic class were analyzed in a cohort of racially mixed Brazilian patients with juvenile-onset SLE. HLA-DRB1 typing was carried out by polymerase chain reaction amplification with sequence-specific primers using genomic DNA from 55 children and adolescents fulfilling at least four of the American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE. Significance was determined by the chi-square test applied to 2 x 2 tables. The HLA-DRB1*15 allele was most frequent in patients with renal, musculoskeletal, cutaneous, hematologic, cardiac, and neuropsychiatric involvement, as well as in patients positive for anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, anti-U1-RNP, and anti-SSA/Ro antibodies, although an association between HLA alleles and SLE clinical features and autoantibodies could not be observed. The HLA-DRB1*17, HLA-DRB1*10, HLA-DRB1*15, and HLA-DRB1*07 alleles were significantly higher in patients with renal histologic class I, class IIA, class IIB, and class V, respectively. The present results suggest that the contribution of HLA- DRB1 alleles to juvenile-onset SLE could not be related to clinical or serological subsets of the disease, but it may be related to renal histologic classes, especially class I, class II A, class II B, and class V. The latter correlations have not been observed in literature.

Phenotypic and genotypic variant of MDR-Mycobacterium tuberculosis multiple isolates in the same tuberculosis episode, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Assuming that the IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) changes at a constant rate of 3.2 years, this methodology was applied to demonstrate, for the first time, variant patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in multiple isolates obtained at short time intervals from sputum and blood of an HIV+ patient with multiple admissions to the Emergency Room and to the multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Reference Center of a secondary-care hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In sputum, the IS6110-RFLP appeared in isolates with two variant patterns with 10 and 13 IS6110 copies. However, blood presented only the pattern corresponding to 10 copies, suggesting compartmentalization. With regard to the exact match of 10 of 13 bands, this may be a subpopulation with the same clonal origin and this may be related to the IS6110 transposition. A susceptibility test demonstrated an MDR profile (INH R, RIF R, SM R, and EMB R), with the sputum isolate also exhibiting EMB S (R = resistant; S = sensitive). A gene mutation confirmed resistance only to streptomycin. There was agreement between the results of the phenotypic test and the clinical response to MDR-TB treatment, suggesting serious implications with regard to treatment administration based exclusively on molecular methods, and calling attention to the fact that more effective control strategies against the emergence of MDR strains must be implemented by the TB control program to prevent transmission of MDR-MTB strains at health facilities in areas highly endemic for TB.

Streptococcus mutans GlnK protein: an unusual PII family member

Streptococcus mutans is a Gram-positive bacterium present in the oral cavity, and is considered to be one of the leading causes of dental caries. S. mutans has a glnK gene, which codes for a PII-like protein that is possibly involved in the integration of carbon, nitrogen and energy metabolism in several organisms. To characterize the GlnK protein of S. mutans, the glnK gene was amplified by PCR, and cloned into the expression vectors pET29a(+) and pET28b(+). The native GlnK-Sm was purified by anion exchange (Q-Sepharose) and affinity (Hi-Trap Heparin) chromatography. The GlnK-His-Sm protein was purified using a Hi-Trap Chelating-Ni2+ column. The molecular mass of the GlnK-His-Sm proteins was 85 kDa as determined by gel filtration, indicating that this protein is a hexamer in solution. The GlnK-His-Sm protein is not uridylylated by the Escherichia coli GlnD protein. The activities of the GlnK-Sm and GlnK-His-Sm proteins were assayed in E. coli constitutively expressing the Klebsiella pneumoniae nifLA operon. In K. pneumoniae, NifL inhibits NifA activity in the presence of high ammonium levels and the GlnK protein is required to reduce the inhibition of NifL in the presence of low ammonium levels. The GlnK-Sm protein was unable to reduce NifL inhibition of NifA protein. Surprisingly, the GlnK-His-Sm protein was able to partially reduce NifL inhibition of the NifA protein under nitrogen-limiting conditions, in a manner similar to the GlnK protein of E. coli. These results suggested that S. mutans GlnK is functionally different from E. coli PII proteins.

EFEITO DO PESO AO ABATE DE CORDEIROS SANTA INÊS E BERGAMÁCIA SOBRE AS CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICO-QUÍMICAS DA CARNE

Foram utilizados 36 cordeiros machos inteiros, sendo 24 da raça Santa Inês e 12 da raça Bergamácia, os quais entraram no experimento com 15kg e foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nos grupos de peso ao abate (GPA) de 15, 25, 35 e 45kg. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o declínio do pH post-mortem, cor (CIE L*a*b*), perda de peso por cozimento (PPC) e força de cisalhamento (FC) nos músculos longissimus dorsi (LD) e semimembranosus (SM). Os parâmetros estudados foram submetidos à análise de regressão. O valor de pH para ambos os músculos foi expresso através de equações de regressão do tipo exponencial, apresentando uma rápida queda nas primeiras horas, seguido de estabilização. No músculo LD foi encontrado que a glicólise desenvolveu-se mais rapidamente com o aumento do peso. A análise dos componentes da cor para ambos os músculos estudados apresentaram o mesmo comportamento. A raça Bergamácia apresentou maior índice de luminosidade (L*), ou seja, maior brilho. O valor de L* diminuiu, o teor de vermelho (a*) aumentou e o teor de amarelo (b*) diminuiu linearmente em relação ao aumento do peso. A análise geral dos componentes da cor indicou que a carne de cordeiro é mais escura com o aumento do peso. Os resultados das análise de PPC e FC foram similares entre as raças e GPA, os valores obtidos para PPC foram de 28,0±2,5% (LD) e 30,5±4,1% (SM), para FC foram de 2,6±0,6kg (LD) e 2,8±0,7kg (SM).