Doença de Chagas no Estado do Maranhão, Brasil: registro de casos agudos no período de 1994 a 2008

INTRODUÇÃO: No Estado do Maranhão, a doença de Chagas não apresenta o padrão clássico de transmissão endêmica. No entanto, inquérito entomológico prévio constata altos índices de infecção natural dos vetores e casos agudos têm sido registrados nas últimas décadas, o que motivou o presente estudo que tem por objetivo avaliar as condições sociodemográficas e ambientais envolvidas na transmissão. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados os casos agudos de doença de Chagas de 1994 a 2008. Os dados relacionados aos pacientes foram obtidos do banco de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, dos livros de registros de endemias da Fundação Nacional de Saúde e de prontuários médicos. Investigação entomológica foi realizada a partir de 2002. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 32 casos, procedentes de 17 municípios, sendo 84,4%, da zona rural. O sexo masculino foi acometido em 67% dos casos. A ocupação mais frequente foi a de estudante (38,9%), seguida pela de lavrador e de caçador (27,8%). CONCLUSÕES: Os dados analisados sugerem que a transmissão foi, predominantemente, vetorial nos ambientes silvestre e peridomiciliar.

Prevalência da esquistossomose num povoado do Município de Tutóia, Estado do Maranhão

INTRODUÇÃO: A esquistossomose mansônica é uma patologia endêmica dos países subdesenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir a prevalência da esquistossomose no povoado de Bom Gosto em Tutóia, Maranhão em 2008 e detectar a ocorrência do hospedeiro intermediário. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um levantamento dos dados das amostras de fezes analisadas pela Secretaria de Saúde Municipal e Fundação Nacional de Saúde. Em seguida, foram coletados e analisados 60 caramujos. A análise dos moluscos foi feita pelo processo de esmagamento. Quanto aos sedimentos fecais, usou-se o método de Kato-Katz. RESULTADOS: De acordo com dados da Secretaria de Saúde Municipal e FUNASA, a prevalência da esquistossomose mansônica no povoado é de 3,2%. Os 60 caramujos são da espécie Biomphalaria glabrata, e cinco (8,3%) encontravam-se parasitados por Schistosoma mansoni. CONCLUSÕES: O povoado Bom Gosto é uma região de baixa prevalência da esquistossomose mansônica. A área investigada tem todos os componentes da cadeia epidemiológica de S. mansoni, explicando a ocorrência da doença na região.

Parasitismo por Ascaris lumbricoides e seus aspectos epidemiológicos em crianças do Estado do Maranhão

INTRODUÇÃO: As enteroparasitoses representam um sério problema de saúde pública de cunho mundial. Essas afecções estão correlacionadas com condições precárias de saneamento básico aliado a ausência de noções básicas de higiene, observada, sobretudo na infância. Dentre esses parasitos, destaca-se o nematóide Ascaris lumbricoides, com alta incidência no Brasil e no mundo. A prevalência e a intensidade da infecção por esse patógeno foram analisadas mediante um estudo transversal em crianças residentes no município de Tutóia, no Estado do Maranhão, entre julho e dezembro de 2008. MÉTODOS: A população do estudo foi constituída por crianças entre um a doze anos de idade, num total de 220 indivíduos. As amostras fecais foram recolhidas nos domicílios em frascos contendo solução conservadora (MIF) e processadas por meio da técnica de sedimentação espontânea. Com cada pai ou responsável pela criança foi aplicado um questionário padrão, cujos resultados foram utilizados para análise descritiva da amostra estudada. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de infecção por A. lumbricoides foi de 53,6%. A análise dos questionários revelou resultados alarmantes no que diz respeito ao grau de insalubridade ao qual a população está inserida, bem como seus precários hábitos de higiene. CONCLUSÕES: O índice de parasitoses no presente trabalho é um reflexo claro da falta de saneamento básico da região estudada, indicando um estado epidemiológico preocupante. Dessa forma, faz-se necessária uma política pública de conscientização e combate dessa patologia.

Avaliação nutricional e alimentar de pacientes portadores de hanseníase tratados em unidades de saúde da grande Vitória, Estado do Espírito Santo

INTRODUÇÃO: O presente estudo investigou a hanseníase quanto à apresentação clínica, perfil sociodemográfico, nutricional e alimentar de pacientes diagnosticados nas Unidades de Saúde dos municípios da Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2009. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 152 pacientes de ambos os sexos, em início de tratamento poliquimioterápico. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos, bioquímicos e de alimentação a partir de um questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) validado e adaptado. Foi calculado o índice de massa corporal (IMC) para avaliação do estado nutricional. RESULTADOS: O estudo mostrou que: 79 (52%) dos participantes eram do sexo feminino, a média de idade foi de 40,4 anos (± 16,9); 81 (53,3%) possuíam vínculo empregatício; a média de anos de estudo foi de 7,1 (± 4,5). Em relação à doença, 79 (52%) eram multibacilares e 73 (48%) paucibacilares. O índice baciloscópico foi negativo em 125 (82,2%) pacientes. O excesso de peso foi identifcado em 11,8% e 5,3% apresentaram baixo peso. O arroz e o feijão foram os alimentos relatados com maior frequência de consumo, 87,3% e 88,7% respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo demonstrou que ações simples, iniciadas na atenção primária à saúde, podem auxiliar na melhoria do acompanhamento a portadores de hanseníase.

Breeding sites of Aedes aegypti in metropolitan vacant lots in Greater Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the presence of Aedes aegypti in breeding sites located in vacant lots (VLs) and determine the effectiveness of VL cleaning to reduce insect foci. METHODS: Two types of VLs were sampled, the experimental VL, which was cleaned monthly, and the control VL, which was not cleaned. RESULTS: Monthly cleaning of VLs reduced the abundance of immature forms of A. aegypti. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies for combating this vector should include regular cleaning of VLs and educating the public regarding the risks of discarding waste in inappropriate areas.

Anti-Toxocara antibodies detected in children attending elementary school in Vitoria, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil: prevalence and associated factors

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies in serum from 7-year-old children attending elementary school in Vitória-ES, Brazil and to correlate these antibodies with socio-demographic factors, the presence of intestinal helminths, blood eosinophil numbers, past history of allergy or asthma, and clinical manifestations of helminth infections. METHODS: The detection of anti-Toxocara antibodies was performed using an ELISA (Cellabs Pty Ltd)on serum from 391 children who had already been examined by fecal examination and blood cell counts. Data from clinical and physical examinations were obtained for all children. RESULTS: The prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies was 51.6%, with no gender differences. No significant differences were observed between positive serology and the presence or absence of intestinal worms (60.3 and 51.7%, respectively; p = 0.286). The only variables significantly related to positive serology were onycophagy and the use of unfiltered water. Although eosinophilia (blood eosinophil count higher than 600/mm³) was significantly related to the presence of a positive ELISA result, this significance disappeared when we considered only children without worms or without a past history of allergy or asthma. No clinical symptoms related to Toxocara infection were observed. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in children attending elementary schools in Vitória, which may be partially related to cross-reactivity with intestinal helminths or to a high frequency of infection with a small number of Toxocara eggs.

Risk factors for Leishmania chagasi infection in an endemic area in Raposa, State of Maranhão, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Infection with Leishmania chagasi is the most common clinical presentation for visceral leishmaniaisis in endemic areas. The municipality of Raposa is an endemic area in State of Maranhão, Brazil, and have had registration cases of visceral leishmaniasis disease. For this reason, a cross- sectional study was conducted to evaluate the risk factors for infection with L. chagasi detected by Montenegro skin test. METHODS: The sample comprised 96% of the inhabitants of the villages of Maresia, Pantoja, and Marisol located in the municipality of Raposa, corresponding to 1,359 subjects. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the association between the variables studied and infection of L. chagasi. RESULTS: The variables associated with infection upon nonadjusted analysis were a straw roof, mud walls, floors of beaten earth, presence of sand flies inside or outside of the dwelling, and bathing outdoors. Adjusted analysis showed that the presence of sand flies inside/outside the dwelling was a risk factor, and age younger than 10 years was a protective factor against asymptomatic infection. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the extent to which precarious living conditions of the population strengthen the epidemiological chain of visceral leishmaniasis.

Relationship between rainfall and temperature: observations on the cases of visceral leishmaniasis in São Luis Island, State of Maranhão, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis is a serious public health problem that requires global control strategies, especially with respect to factors that may intervene in reducing the incidence of endemicity. In this work, rainfall density and temperature were correlated with the incidence of human cases in an area endemic for leishmaniasis in São Luis do Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil. METHODS: Notification of human cases by the National Health Foundation/Regional Coordination of Maranhão (FUNASA/COREMA) from 2002 to 2010 was used. Ecological data (mean temperature and rainfall density) were provided by the Meteorological Office of State. RESULTS: A significant association was verified between the number of VL cases and rainfall rate but not in the analysis concerning mean temperatures. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the control actions in visceral leishmaniasis should be performed during rainy season in the State of Maranhão, which is in the first half of the year.

High prevalence of HTLV-1 and 2 viruses in pregnant women in São Luis, state of Maranhão, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is endemic in the Caribbean, Japan, South America and regions of Africa. HTLV-2 is present in Native American populations and associated with IV drug use in Europe and North America. In Brazil, it is estimated that 1.5 million people are infected with HTLV-1/2. The study objective was to determine HTLV-1/2 prevalence in pregnant women in the prenatal care from three public services in São Luis, State of Maranhão, Brazil, and to counsel seropositive women to reduce viral transmission. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to December 2008; women with age of 18 to 45 years, with low risk for sexually transmitted disease (STD) were invited to participate. Blood samples were collected in filter paper, and HTLV-1/2 immunoenzymatic test (ELISA) was performed as a screening test. Women with reactive results were submitted to peripheral venous blood collection for ELISA repetition, followed by Western blot (WB) and real-time PCR to confirm and discriminate the infection between virus types 1 and 2. RESULTS: Of the 2,044 women tested, seven (0.3%) were ELISA reactive and confirmed positive (four were HTLV-1, and three were HTLV-2). All positive women were oriented not to breastfeed their newborns. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the virus is present in high prevalence in that population. Further studies covering other segments of the population are necessary to better characterize the presence of HTLV-1/2 in Maranhão and to elicit measures to prevent its spread.

Variation in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera, Culicidae) infestation in artificial containers in Caxias, state of Maranhão, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Dengue is a serious public health problem worldwide, with cases reported annually in tropical and subtropical regions. Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), the main vector of dengue, is a domiciliary species with high dispersal and survival capacities and can use various artificial containers as breeding sites. We assessed potential container breeding sites of A. aegypti in the municipality of Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: In the initial phase, we analyzed 900 properties in 3 neighborhoods during the dry and rainy seasons (August-October 2005 and February-April 2006, respectively). During the second sampling period, September 2006-August 2007, we used 5 assessment cycles for 300 properties in a single neighborhood. RESULTS: During the dry and rainy seasons, water-storage containers comprised 55.7% (n = 1,970) and 48.5% (n = 1,836) of the total containers inspected, and showed the highest productivity of immature A. aegypti; we found 23.7 and 106.1 individuals/container, respectively, in peridomicile sites. In intradomicile sites, water-storage containers were also the most important breeding sites with 86.4% (n = 973) and 85.6% (n = 900) of all containers and a mean of 7.9 and 108.3 individuals/container in the dry and rainy seaso-October 2006 (1,342). The highest number of positives (70) was recorded in May, mostly (94%) in storage containers. CONCLUSIONS: Storage containers are the principal and most productive A. aegypti breeding sites and are a major contributing factor to the maintenance of this vector in Caxias.

Leprosy in Buriticupu, state of Maranhão: active search in the general population

INTRODUCTION: This study was developed to evaluate the situation of leprosy in the general population of the municipality of Buriticupu, State of Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: We used the method of active search to identify new cases from 2008 to 2010. Bacilloscopy of intradermal scrapings was performed in all patients with skin lesions compatible with leprosy, and histopathological examination in those who had doubts on the definition of the clinical form. RESULTS: The study included 19,104 individuals, with 42 patients diagnosed with leprosy after clinical examination, representing a detection rate of 219.84 per 100,000 inhabitants. The predominant clinical presentation was tuberculoid with 24 (57.1%) cases, followed by borderline with 11, indeterminate with four, and lepromatous with three cases. The study also allowed the identification of 81 patients with a history of leprosy and other skin diseases, such as pityriasis versicolor, dermatophytosis, scabies, vitiligo, and skin carcinoma. The binomial test showed that the proportion of cases in the headquarters was significantly higher than that in the villages (p = 0.04), and the generalized exact test showed that there was no association between age and clinical form (p = 0.438) and between age and gender (p = 0.083). CONCLUSIONS: The elevated detection rate defines the city as hyperendemic for leprosy; the active search for cases, as well as the organization of health services, is an important method for disease control.

Spatial analysis of new cases of leprosy in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, between 2004 and 2009

INTRODUCTION: Leprosy in Brazil is a public health issue, and there are many regions in the State of Espírito Santo with high endemic incidence levels of leprosy, characterizing this state as a priority for leprosy programs. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of coefficients of new cases of leprosy in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive and ecologic study based on the spatial distribution of leprosy in the State of Espírito Santo between 2004 and 2009. Data were gathered from the available records of the Espírito Santo State Health Secretary. The global and local Bayesian empirical methods were used to produce an estimate of leprosy risk, smoothing the fluctuation effects of the detection coefficients. RESULTS: The study resulted in a coefficient adjustment of new cases in 10 towns that changed their classification, among which, 2 went from low to medium, 4 from medium to high, 3 from high to very high, and 1 from very high to hyper-endemic. An average variation of 1.02, fluctuating between 0 and 12.39 cases/100,000 inhabitants, was found in a comparative calculation between the Local Ebest value and the average coefficient of new leprosy cases in the State of Espírito Santo. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial analysis of leprosy favors the establishment of control strategies with a better cost-benefit relationship since it reveals specific and priority regions, thereby enabling the development of actions that can interfere in the transmission chain.

Paracoccidioidomycosis in the state of Maranhão, Brazil: geographical and clinical aspects

INTRODUCTION: The study aimed to show the situation of paracoccidioidomycosis in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: This study is a descriptive case series developed in two stages. First, a survey of cases originating from the state of Maranhão at the Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portela, Piauí (IDTNP) from 1997 to 2007, and second, the clinical description of 29 cases diagnosed in the Centro de Referências em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Maranhão (CREDIP) from 2004 to 2010. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixteen cases have been cataloged at the IDTNP. West, east, and central regions of the state of Maranhão recorded 90.3% of cases proving to be important areas for study. The western region, with a prevalence of 10.8/100,000 inhabitants, has a significantly higher proportion of cases than the northern, southern, and eastern regions (p < 0.05). The occurrence was higher in men with 89.3% of cases, and the male-to-female ratio was 8.4:1. The majority of patients were older than 20 years, lived in rural areas, and had farming or soil management as main occupation (73.8%). At CREDIP, 29 cases were diagnosed, of which 26 (89.6%) had multifocal manifestations. Mucous tissues were involved more (75.8%) frequently, followed by lymph nodes, skin, and lungs with 65.5%, 39% and 37.9 %, respectively. The diagnosis was made by combining direct examination, culture, and histopathology. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows the geographical distribution and the epidemiological and clinical aspects of paracoccidioidomycosis, revealing the significance of the disease to the state of Maranhão.

Malignancies in HIV/AIDS patients attending an outpatient clinic in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The present study investigated cancer prevalence and associated factors among HIV-infected individuals attending an AIDS outpatient clinic in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. METHODS: A sectional study was conducted among HIV infected adults attending an AIDS outpatient clinic in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Demographic, epidemiological and clinical data were abstracted from medical records, including cancer diagnoses; nadir and current CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, time on antiretroviral treatment (ART), type of ART and smoking status. RESULTS: A total of 730 (91.3%) patients were included in the study. Median age was 44.0 [interquartile range (IQR): 35-50.3] years; median time since HIV diagnosis was 5.5 years (IQR: 2-10); 60% were male; and 59% were white. Thirty (4.1%) cases of cancer were identified of which 16 (53%) were AIDS defining cancers and 14 (47%) were non-AIDS defining malignancies. Patients diagnosed with cancer presented higher chance of being tobacco users [OR 2.2 (95% CI: 1.04-6.24)]; having nadir CD4 ≤200 cells/mm³ [OR 3.0 (95% CI: 1.19-7.81)] and higher lethality [OR 13,3 (95% CI: 4,57-38,72)]. CONCLUSIONS: These results corroborate the importance of screening for and prevention of non-AIDS defining cancers focus in HIV-infected population, as these cancers presented with similar frequency as AIDS defining cancers.

First description of autochthonous canine visceral leishmaniasis in the metropolitan region of Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: We investigated autochthonous canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in the metropolitan region of Vitória (MRV), an area in which a human case was previously reported. METHODS: Serological, parasitological, and molecular tests were performed in 201 dogs. RESULTS: Twenty-six (13%) and 12 (6%) dogs were identified as positive using in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and rK39 tests, respectively. Two dogs had a positive culture for Leishmania chagasi, and 4 were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive for Leishmania spp. One positive dog belonged to the aforementioned patient. CONCLUSIONS: Although the responsible vector was not found, our results provide evidence of autochthonous CVL in the MRV, a non-endemic area for VL.