Behavior of RR soybeans subjected to different formulations and rates of glyphosate in the reproductive period

Recent studies indicate that glyphosate applied in post-emergence in RR soybean can eventually cause phytotoxic effects. However, there are many questions that need to be clarified in the scientific and technical contexts, involving the issue of RR soybeans regarding the use of glyphosate. This study has assessed the impact of the application of different doses and formulations of glyphosate in the reproductive period of RR soybean (R1 stage). For that purpose, an experiment in the field was conducted in two harvests (2011/12 and 2012/13), in which a 2 x 5 factorial design was used (formulations versus doses) totaling 10 treatments. In these two experiments the variables related to agronomic performance were: phytotoxicity (7, 14, 21 and 28 days after application), plant height, number of pods per plant, yield and weight of 100 grains (end of soy cycle). The results obtained allowed characterizing phytotoxicity and damages to the height and yield in RR soybean, with increasing rates of glyphosate applied in the reproductive period.

ANNUAL GRASSES CONTROL WITH TOPRAMEZONE IN MIXTURE WITH ALS-INHIBITING HERBICIDES

ABSTRACTPanicoid grasses are major weeds of maize and sugarcane as well as of several other important grains, including sorghum, pearl millet, and foxtail millet. Pot trials were conducted to study the activity and potential interactions of topramezone in mixture with recommended rates of rimsulfuron or nicosulfuron on three annual panicoid grasses (i.e. Echinochloa oryzoides,E.phyllopogon, and Panicum miliaceum). Target weeds were treated at the four- to five-leaf growth stage. On the basis of fresh weight reduction, topramezone alone provided 78% control of E.oryzoides, 68% control of E.phyllopogon, and 99% control of P.miliaceum. Topramezone plus rimsulfuron or nicosulfuron provided decreased control of both Echinochloa spp. compared with topramezone alone. The decreased control of E.oryzoidesand E.phyllopogon was more pronounced with rimsulfuron as a companion herbicide in the mixtures. Slightly decreased control of P.milaceum was observed with topramezone plus rimsulfuron compared with topramezone alone, but this was not the case for topramezone plus nicosulfuron. Increased topramezone rates mixed with rimsulfuron or nicosulfuron did not improve control of E.oryzoides and E.phyllopogon compared with the lowest topramezone rate. Also, increased topramezone rates mixed with rimsulfuron or nicosulfuron showed decreased control of both Echinochloa spp. when compared with either rimsulfuron or nicosulfuron alone, suggesting a two-way interaction between topramezone and the ALS-inhibiting herbicides. The above-mentioned interaction was not observed in P.miliaceum, probably related with species sensitivity to the herbicides tested. Newly introduced or naturalized panicoid grasses in maize fields may complicate selection of companion herbicides and rates for effective weed control.

Wheat Yield Loss in a Two Species Competition with Emex australis and Emex spinosa

Emex australis and E. spinosa are significant weed species in wheat and other crops. Information on the extent of competition of the Emex species will be helpful to access yield losses in wheat. Field experiments were conducted to quantify the interference of tested weed densities each as single or mixture of both at 1:1 on their growth and yield, wheat yield components and wheat grain yield losses in two consecutive years. Dry weight of both weed species increased from 3-6 g m-2 with every additional plant of weed, whereas seed number and weight per plant decreased with increasing density of either weed. Both weed species caused considerable decrease in yield components like spike bearing tillers, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight of wheat with increasing density population of the weeds. Based on non-linear hyperbolic regression model equation, maximum yield loss at asymptotic weed density was estimated to be 44 and 62% with E. australis, 56 and 70% with E. spinosa and 63 and 72% with mixture of both species at 1:1 during both year of study, respectively. It was concluded that E. spinosa has more competition effects on wheat crop as compared to E. australis.

Morfologia polínica de Camarea St.-Hil. (Malpighiaceae)

(Morfologia polínica de Camarea St.-Hil. (Malpighiaceae)). Grãos de pólen de oito espécies de Camarea, incluindo uma espécie híbrida, são descritos e ilustrados. As espécies apresentam grãos de pólen muito semelhantes mostrando algumas diferenças nas aberturas e tipo de ornamentação. Uma chave de identificação das espécies estudadas é também apresentada.

Morfologia polínica da tribo Bursereae (Burseraceae) na América do Sul

(Morfologia polínica da tribo Bursereae (Burseraceae) na América do Sul). Dentro da tribo Bursereae, Bursera (L.) Jacq. é um gênero neotropical que compreende sete espécies na América do Sul. Commiphora Jacq., distribuído principalmente nas partes menos úmidas dos trópicos e subtrópicos da África e da Ásia, está representado unicamente por Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) Gillet. Foram examinados os grãos de pólen de cinco táxons de Bursereae. O material polínico foi acetolisado, medido, descrito e fotografado sob rnicroscopia óptica e, na maioria dos casos, também em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As medidas receberam tratamento estatístico adequado ao tamanho da amostra. Os grãos de pólen de Bursera são, geralmente, pequenos, prolato-esferoidais, âmbito circular, aspídotos, brevicolpados, estriado-reticulados ou estriados. A ornamentação da exina, a forma da endoabertura e o tamanho dos grãos de pólen foram atributos que permitiram separar as espécies entre si. Em C. leptophloeos os grãos de pólen são médios, oblato-esferoidais, âmbito subcircular, colpos moderadamente longos, endoabertura lolongada com costa, retipilados. A tribo Bursereae é euripolínica.

Morfologia polínica da tribo Canarieae (Burseraceae) na América do Sul

(Morfologia polínica da tribo Canarieae (Burseraceae) na América do Sul). A tribo Canarieae está representada na América do Sul por dois gêneros, Dacryodes Vahl e Trattinnickia Willd. Foram examinados os grãos de pólen de 27 exsicatas que representam 12 táxons. O material polínico foi acetolisado, medido, descrito e fotografado em microscopia óptica e, na maioria dos casos, também em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As medidas receberam tratamento estatístico adequado ao tamanho da amostra. Dacryodes e Trattinnickia possuem características palinológicas comuns quanto ao tamanho (médio) e à forma (predominantemente subprolata). Sob microscópio óptico a sexina dos grãos de pólen de Dacryodes é psilada e em Trattinnickia parece ser granulada; não obstante, o exame ao MEV mostrou que esta é psilado-perfurada nos dois táxons. No caso de Dacryodes, o tamanho dos grãos de pólen e das aberturas permitiu separar D. glabra (Steyerm.) Cuatrec., D. nitens Cuatrec. e D. occidentale Cuatrec. sendo impossível distinguir as demais espécies; em Trattinnickia, a abertura foi o único caráter que diferenciou T. burserifolia Mart. (brevicolpada) dos outros táxons estudados.

Morfologia polínica da tribo Protieae (Burseraceae) na América do Sul

(Morfologia polínica da tribo Protieae (Burseraceae) na América do Sul). A tribo Protieae está representada na América do Sul pelos gêneros: Crepidospermum Hook. f., Protium Burm. f. e Tetragastris Gaertn. Crepidospermum compreende cinco espécies distribuídas principalmente na Amazônia. Protium é um gênero neotropical com aproximadamente 146 espécies. Tetragastris encontra-se quase que exclusivamente em altitudes baixas, nas florestas úmidas da América Central, norte da América do Sul e algumas partes do Caribe. Foram examinados os grãos de pólen de 177 exsicatas que representam 51 táxons. O material polínico foi acetolisado, medido, descrito e fotografado sob microscopia óptica e, na maioria dos casos, também em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As medidas receberam tratamento estatístico adequado ao tamanho da amostra. As espécies de Crepidospermum e Tetragastris apresentam grãos de pólen médios, principalmente subprolatos, âmbito triangular, longicolpados, psilados, indicando a condição estenopolínica dos gêneros. As características das aberturas permitiram diferençar as espécies de Crepidospermum entre si; enquanto as espécies consideradas de Tetragastris são muito similares não permitindo sua separação. Protium é variável na forma (esférica, prolata-esferoidal, subprolata, prolata) e na ornamentação da exina (psilada, psilado-perfurada, estriada, microrreticulada); as medidas do diâmetro polar, a forma e o tamanho da endoabertura, o tamanho do colpo, a ornamentação da membrana do colpo e as medidas da espessura da exina também são características que poderão ser usadas para distinguir os táxons. Estas observações assinalam que Protium é um gênero euripolínico, de modo que a morfologia polínica pode, em muitos casos, subsidiar a delimitação taxonômica das espécies.

Storage substances in the androgametogenesis and mature pollen grain of Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae)

Storage substances such as starch grains, proteins and lipids were studied during the male gametogenesis and in the mature pollen grain of Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae). There are two cycles of amylogenesis and amylolyse. The first cycle lasts until the vacuolated stage when the starch is hydrolyzed and amorphous proteins are stored inside the single vacuole. The next cycle begins after mitosis with the formation of the vegetative and generative cells. At this point, the young vegetative cell stores many starch grains that are bigger than in the first cycle. During the maturation of the male gametophyte, the starch is hydrolyzed and it is absent in the mature pollen grain. Small lipid droplets surround the young generative cell after the mitosis of the androspore and are dispersed in the vegetative cytoplasm during its maturity. The relationship between the pollen storage substances and the ontogeny of the layers in the sporoderm, formation of the generative cell, and the male germ unit were discussed.

Grãos de pólen anômalos no clone CP76 de Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae)

Durante a investigação do desenvolvimento das anteras e grãos de pólen no clone CP76 de Anacardium occidentale foram observadas anomalias relacionadas ao desenvolvimento do gametófito masculino. Foram observados andrósporos que interromperam seu desenvolvimento momentos antes da primeira mitose, além de grãos que apresentaram anomalias relacionadas à fase inicial da gametogênese masculina. A primeira mitose anômala produziu grãos de pólen binucleados com células idênticas, ou quase, e ainda grãos onde a parede celular, oriunda da primeira mitose, foi incompletamente formada. Fusão nuclear foi observada nos grãos onde a parede celular foi incompletamente formada. A interrupção no desenvolvimento é muito freqüente, ao contrário das anomalias relacionadas à primeira mitose, de ocorrência muito rara

Female gametophyte development in Adesmia latifolia (Spreng.) Vog. (Leguminosae - Papilionoideae)

The female gametophyte has a monosporic origin and a Polygonum type development. The female gametophyte growth consumes a large part of the neighboring nucellar cells and, in the micropylar region, part of the nucellar epidermis and internal integument. The mature gametophyte is composed of only four cells due to the ephemeral characteristic of the antipodals. The synergids are pear-shaped cells with the formation of filiform apparatus. Their nuclei lie in the micropylar region and large vacuoles in the chalazal region, while the egg cell presents an opposite polarization. The central cell accumulates starch grains and the two polar nuclei approach the egg. Occasional development of two gametophytes was recorded. The closest to the micropyle develops fully, while the chalazal one remained in the tetranucleated stage. The embryological characters of A. latifolia are compared with those of other taxa within the Leguminosae, and the reproductive importance of multiple gametophyte formation for this species was discussed.

Ultrastructural analysis of in vitro direct and indirect organogenesis

This is a comparative study of the ultrastructural characteristics of the cells involved in the organogenesis in vitro of Bauhinia forficata Link (indirect system) and Glycine max (L.) Merrill (direct system). B. forficata calli after 30 days culture and G. max meristemoids after 10 days culture were prepared for ultrastructural analysis using conventional methods. Concentrically arranged rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and plastids containing starch grains were seen during G. max and B. forficata organogenesis. The amitotic process, the presence of plastids around the nucleus and nuclear envelope with conspicuous pores were found in B. forficata.

Nectar and pollen production in pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.)

Cucurbitaceae species depend on pollination by honey bees for fruit production. The overall objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of C. pepo for pollen and nectar production, that could help maintain colonies placed in the field. Plants of pumpkin were cultivated in field, in 1996 and 1997. Before anthesis, male flowers were covered to prevent visits by bees and other insects. After anthesis the flowers were uncovered and the following parameters were evaluated: 1) nectar production; 2) total sugar concentration in the nectar; 3) nectar replacement; and 4) production of pollen and flowers during the crop cycle. Nectar production varied from 18 to 79 µL flower-1 and increased progressively from 7h to 13h. The sugar concentration, measured at 7h, 9h and 11h, did not vary, averaging 50.5% ± 0.5% in 1996 and 40.5% ± 0.6% in 1997. At 13h the concentration decreased to 42% in 1996 and to 35% in 1997. Total daily nectar production was not influenced by removing nectar several times per day, indicating that nectar secretion is not stimulated or inhibited by frequent removal. The number of pollen grains did not differ in the two years, with an average of 43,669 ± 1,382 grains per flower. The peak rate of male and female flowers occurred from 60 to 66 days after planting (DAP) with 34.6 male flowers and 2.2 female flowers per plant, respectively. Cucurbita pepo has a potential for honey and pollen production of about 105 and 160 kg per hectare per season, respectively, which is enough to sustain, at least, five honeybee colonies.

Leaf anatomy of two Anemia Sw. species (Schizaeaceae-Pteridophyte) from a rocky outcrop in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The ferns Anemia tomentosa (Sav.) Sw. var. anthriscifolia (Schrad.) Mickel and Anemia villosa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. are widely associated with vegetation islands on rocky outcrops in Rio de Janeiro. Both species are desiccation tolerant. The leaf anatomy of these species was examined aiming to identify morphological characteristics that would allow the establishment of these species in water-scarce environments. The plants were harvested on "Pedra de Itacoatiara" and prepared according to the usual procedures. The petiole has a uniseriate epidermis with lignified cell walls, conical stegmata, and uniseriate multicelular and glandular trichomes. In A. villosa, the stomata protrude in a respiratory line. Under the epidermis the cells have thick, lignified walls. The parenchyma has phenolic compounds and starch grains. The petiole vascular bundles are surrounded by endodermis with Casparian strips and the xylem is V-shaped (A. villosa) or arc-shaped (A. tomentosa var. anthriscifolia). The leaf blades have a uniseriate epidermis with sinuous anticlinal and convex periclinal walls, conical stegmata and chloroplasts on both surfaces. The leaf margins of A. villosa have lignified cells. The guard cells of the stomata on the abaxial surface are on the same level or are raised above ordinary epidermal cells. Multicelular uniseriate trichomes and glandular hairs were observed. The dorsiventral mesophyll has loosely packed chlorenchyma with arm-shaped and H-shaped cells. The vascular bundles are surrounded by endodermis with Casparian strips and with parenchymatic extensions towards the epidermis. Anatomical results were analyzed considering the interaction of these plants with abiotic factors.

Anatomy, ultrastructure and secretion of Hibiscus pernambucensis Arruda (Malvaceae) extrafloral nectary

This paper reports on the extrafloral nectary (EFN) of Hibiscus pernambucensis, a native shrub species occurring in mangrove and restinga along Brazil's coastline. EFNs occur as furrows with a protuberant border on the abaxial surface veins of the leaf blade. Each nectary consists of numerous secretory multicellular trichomes, epidermal cells in palisade-like arrangements and non-vascularized parenchyma tissue. Nectar secretion is prolonged, since secretion starts in very young leaves and remains up to completely expanded leaves. Reduced sugars, lipids, and proteins were histochemically detected in all the nectary cells; phenolic substances were detected in the vacuoles of the epidermal palisade cells and in some secretory trichome cells. The secretory cells that constitute the body of trichomes have large nuclei, dense cytoplasm with numerous mitochondria, dictyosomes, scattered lipid droplets and plastids with different inclusions: protein, lipid droplets or starch grains; vacuoles with different sizes have membranous material, phenolic and lipophilic substances. The palisade cells show thick periclinal walls, reduced cytoplasm with voluminous lipid drops and developed vacuoles. The nectary parenchyma cells contain abundant plasmodesmata and cytoplasm with scattered lipid droplets, mitochondria, plastids with starch grains and endoplasmic reticulum. Mucilage idioblasts are common in the inner nectary parenchyma. Protoderm and ground meristem participate in the formation of EFN. Our data indicate that all nectary regions are involved in nectar production and secretion, constituting a functional unit. Longevity of the extrafloral nectaries is likely associated with the presence of mucilage idioblasts, which increases the capacity of the nectary parenchyma to store water.

Palynotaxonomy of Vernonanthura H. Rob. (Vernonieae, Asteraceae) species from Southeast Brazil

The present work studied the pollinic characteristics of 22 species of Vernonanthura from Southeast Brazil. The pollen grains were acetolysed, measured, described and ilustrated under light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Based on the results, Vernonanthura was considered an euripolinic genus as pollen grains presented distinctive characteristics, mainly related to the ornamentation, the size and apertures of the pollen grains, which may serve as a further tool in the delimitation of the species.