Educação nutricional na escola do primeiro grau: uma proposição para Pernambuco (Brasil)

Propõe-se um modelo de ensino em nutrição para a escola do primeiro grau do Estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). Com base no estudo da proposta curricular de ciências que contém "Programas de Saúde", e nos resultados da pesquisa realizada com alunos da oitava série e professores da área metropolitana de Recife, elaborou-se um programa de ensino em nutrição que representa os temas sugeridos pelos alunos. Esta fase compreendeu: seleção de objetivos; seleção e organização do conteúdo; seleção de técnicas; recursos e instrumentos de avaliação, considerando os aspectos de logicidade, gradualidade, continuidade e integração. Os seguintes objetivos gerais de cada série nortearam a seleção e organização dos temas: a) Primeira série - Identificar a interdependência entre: ambiente, homem e alimento; b) Segunda série - Classificar os alimentos conforme a sua origem e função e identificar os recursos alimentares da comunidade; c) Terceira série - Agrupar os alimentos conforme a predominância de substâncias nutritivas e sua função no organismo e identificar os recursos alimentares do município; d) Quarta série - Identificar formas de higiene e conservação de alimentos e a produção agrícola e pecuária do Estado; e) Quinta série - Conhecer normas gerais de inspeção industrial e sanitária de alimentos; f) Sexta série - Conhecer as preparações habituais e típicas de região, bem como outras formas de utilização das fontes alimentares disponíveis e respectivas formas de preparo e cozimento; g) Sétima série - Identificar os fatores que interferem no acesso e utilização de uma dieta adequada às necessidades nutricionais de uma comunidade; h) Oitava série - Conhecer as doenças nutricionais mais freqüentes em Pernambuco e no Brasil, seus fatores determinantes, conseqüências e medidas preventivas adotadas. O programa proposto pode ser agregado ao "Programas de Saúde" correspondendo cada série a uma unidade entre as demais presentes nesta área de estudo.

Análise da informação em saúde: 1893-1993, cem anos da Classificação Internacional de Doenças

A análise da mortalidade por causas, bem como da morbidade, necessita de um instrumento que agrupe as doenças segundo características comuns, isto é, uma classificação de doenças. Atualmente está em uso a Classificação Internacional de Doenças da OMS, na sua Nona Revisão. Esta classificação surgiu em 1893; para 1993 está proposta a implantação da Décima Revisão. O trabalho descreve as raízes de uma classificação internacional, fazendo referências a John Graunt, William Farr e Jacques Bertillon bem como à evolução pela qual passou em suas sucessivas revisões. Inicialmente era uma classificação de causas de morte passando a ser, a partir da Sexta Revisão, uma classificação que incluiu todas as doenças e motivos de consultas, possibilitando seu uso em morbidade, sendo que a partir da Décima Revisão se propõe uma "família" de classificações, para os mais diversos usos em administração de serviços de saúde e epidemiologia. O trabalho também apresenta algumas críticas que são feitas à Classificação Internacional de Doenças.

Evaluation of organophosphorus and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides against six vector mosquitoe species

Three organophosphorus compounds- malathion, folithion and temephos- and two synthetic pyrethroids- alphamethrin and deltamethrin- were used for monitoring the susceptibility status of larvae and adults of six vector mosquitoe species: Culex quinquefasciatus (Filariasis) and Aedes albopictus (Dengue) (both laboratory and field strains); laboratory strains of Aedes aegypti (Dengue), Anopheles slephensi and Anopheles culicifacies (Malaria), and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Japanese encephalitis) in India. From the LC50 values obtained for these insecticides, it was found that all mosquito species including the field strains of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. albopictus were highly susceptible Except for Cx. quinquefasciatus (field strain) against malathion, 100% mortality was observed at the discriminating dosages recommended by World Health Organization. The residual effect of alphamethrin, deltamethrin, malathion and folithion at 25 mg (ai)/m² on different surfaces against six species of vector mosquitoes showed that alphamethrin was the most effective on all four treated surfaces (mud, plywood, cement and thatch). Nevertheless, residual efficacy lasted longer on thatch than on the other surfaces. Therefore, synthetic pyrethroids such as alphamethrin can be effectively employed in integrated vector control operations.

Duration of larval and pupal development stages of Aedes albopictus in natural and artificial containers

Aedes albopictus were reared in different containers: a tree hole, a bamboo stump and an auto tire. The total times from egg hatching to adult emergence were of 19.6,27.3 and 37.5 days, respectively, according to the container. The first, second and third-instar larvae presented growth periods with highly similar durations. The fourth-instar larvae was longer than the others stages. The pupation time was longer than the fourth-instar larvae growth period. The temperature of the breeding sites studied, which was of 18° C to 22° C on average, was also taken into consideration. The mortality of the immature stages was analysed and compared as between the experimental groups; it was lower in the natural containers than in the discarded tire. The average wing length of adult females emerging from tree hole was significantly larger (p < 0.05) than that of those emerging from the tire.

Human case of gastric infection by a fourth larval stage of Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda, Anisakidae)

Only three cases of human infection by anisakid nematodes have been reported in Chile since 1976. In the present case, an anisakid worm, identified as a fourth-stage Pseudoterranova decipiens larva, was removed with a gastroendoscopic biopsy clipper from the stomach of a 45 year-old man from southern Chile. The patient, who presented acute epigastric pain and a continuous sensation of having an empty stomach, reported having eaten smoked fish. The worm was fixed in 70% ethanol and cleaned in lactophenol for morphological study. The morphometric characteristics of the worm are described and drawn. Anisakid larvae in fish flesh can be killed by freezing or cooking.

Survey of cyclopids (Crustacea, Copepoda) in Brazil and preliminary screening of their potential as dengue vector predators

INTRODUCTION: Cyclopid copepods are known to be good mosquito controllers, specially as regards the larvae of the dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The objective of the study was to survey the local copepod fauna and search for new strains of M. longisetus var. longisetus, comparing the potential of the samples found with the current strain ML-01 against Ae. albopictus larvae, under laboratory conditions. Eleven bodies of water in Campinas, SP, Brazil, were screened for copepods by collecting 1.5 l of water from each of then. The predatory potential of adults copepods was evaluated over 24 h, in the laboratory, for groups of 5 individuals preying upon 30 first instar Ae. albopictus larvae. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The following cyclopid species were found: Metacyclops mendocinus, Tropocyclops prasinus, Eucyclops sp, Eucyclops serrulatus, Eucyclops solitarius, Eucyclops ensifer, Macrocyclops albidus var. albidus and Mesocyclops longisetus var. longisetus. The predatory potential of these copepods ranged from nil to 97.3%. A sample collected in the field containing only M. longisetus var. longisetus showed the best control efficiency with no significant difference from a three-year old laboratory culture (ML-01) of the same species evaluated for comparison. The sample with few M. albidus var. albidus was ranked in second place showing an average 25.9% efficiency. The use of copepods in trap tires as dengue vector controllers is discussed.

Hospitalizações por infarto agudo do miocárdio segundo o dia da semana: estudo retrospectivo

OBJETIVO: A literatura tem relatado a associação do infarto com a segunda-feira, sugerindo a existência de mecanismos de "gatilho" no desencadeamento da doença. Foi realizado estudo para verificar a distribuição semanal das hospitalizações por infarto do miocárdio e sua associação ao sexo e à categoria da internação (condição social) na região de Ribeirão Preto de 1987 a 1996. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 173.982 hospitalizações por doenças cardíacas e vasculares cerebrais, incluindo 5.804 casos de infarto agudo do miocárdio, referidos a um centro de registro contínuo de informações de assistência hospitalar. As hospitalizações foram classificadas em particulares, de sistemas privados de pré-pagamento e do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Foram estudadas as associações com o sexo, a condição do egresso e a categoria da internação. RESULTADOS/CONCLUSÕES: A distribuição semanal de hospitalizações por doenças cardiovasculares e infarto agudo do miocárdio apresentou um pico às segundas-feiras: 19,3% e 16,9% dos casos, respectivamente. Houve queda acentuada no final de semana (8,6%) dos casos de doenças cardiovasculares e menor redução dos casos de infarto agudo do miocárdio (12,7%), sendo essas diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Houve diferenças nos padrões de distribuição semanal dos pacientes do SUS (4.120), dos sistemas de pré-pagamento (1.225) e dos particulares (459). Para os pacientes do SUS e dos sistemas de pré-pagamento o número de hospitalizações foi elevado no início da semana e houve uma diminuição gradual no restante dos dias. Para os particulares, o número de hospitalizações foi baixa no domingo e houve elevação na sexta e sábado. Não houve associação com o sexo ou com a condição de saída.

Diptera of sanitary importance associated with composting of biosolids in Argentina

OBJECTIVE: Odorous compounds produced at the biosolids composting plant in Bariloche (NW Patagonia) attract a variety of insects, mainly belonging to the order Diptera. In order to characterize these flies, collected specimens were taxonomically identified, their community characteristics were described and their sanitary and synanthropic importance and autochthonous or introduced character were determined. METHODS: Sampling was performed from October 1999 until March 2000. Adults were collected using an entomological net, and larvae and puparia were obtained from the composting material and incubated to obtain adults. Richness, abundance and sex ratio were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 9 taxa of Diptera were identified: Sarconesia chlorogaster, Phaenicia sericata, Calliphora vicina, Cochliomya macellaria, Ophyra sp, Muscina stabulans, Musca domestica, Sarcophaga sp and Fannia sp. Specimens of Anthomyiidae, Acaliptratae and one larva of Eristalis tenax were also found. Ophyra sp. was the most abundant taxa. All the captured Diptera belonged to introduced taxa. Most of them are considered to be eusynanthropic and/or hemisynanthropic and have sanitary importance as they may cause myiasis and pseudomyiasis. The high number of females registered and the finding of immature stages indicated that flies can develop their complete life cycle on biosolid composting windrows. CONCLUSIONS: The characterization of flies obtained in this study may be useful for defining locations of urban or semi-urban composting facilities. It also highlights the importance of sanitary precautions at such plants.

Exposure to larva migrans syndromes in squares and public parks of cities in Chile

Between November 2001 and December 2002, 600 dog fecal samples were collected in main squares and public parks of 13 cities in Chile, from the extreme north to the extreme south of the country. The samples were processed in the laboratory by centrifugal sedimentation and the Harada-Mori methods. T. canis eggs were found in 12 cities. Detection rates ranged from 1.9 to 12.5% with an average of 5.2%. Seven percent of the samples had eggs and 9.5% had rhabditoid and/or filariform larvae of Ancylostomatidae. Strongyloides stercoralis were not found. Squares and public parks in Chile pose a potential risk of exposure to visceral, ocular, and/or cutaneous larva migrans syndromes.

Aedes aegypti entomological indices in an endemic area for dengue in Sao Paulo State, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the most productive types of properties and containers for Aedes aegypti and the spatial distribution of entomological indices.METHODS: Between December 2006 and February 2007, the vector's immature forms were collected to obtain entomological indices in 9,875 properties in the Jaguare neighborhood of Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Southeastern Brazil. In March and April 2007, a questionnaire about the conditions and characteristics of properties was administered. Logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with the presence of pupae at the properties. Indices calculated per block were combined with a geo-referenced map, and thematic maps of these indices were obtained using statistical interpolation.RESULTS: The properties inspected had the following Ae. aegypti indices: Breteau Index = 18.9, 3.7 larvae and 0.42 pupae per property, 5.2 containers harboring Ae. aegypti per hectare, 100.0 larvae and 11.6 pupae per hectare, and 1.3 larvae and 0.15 pupae per inhabitant. The presence of yards, gardens and animals was associated with the presence of pupae.CONCLUSIONS: Specific types of properties and containers that simultaneously had low frequencies among those positive for the vector and high participation in the productivity of larvae and pupae were not identified. The use of indices including larval and pupal counts does not provide further information beyond that obtained from the traditional Stegomyia indices in locations with characteristics similar to those of São José do Rio Preto. The indices calculated per area were found to be more accurate for the spatial assessment of infestation. The Ae. aegypti infestation levels exhibited extensive spatial variation, indicating that the assessment of infestation in micro areas is needed.

Finding Aedes aegypti in a natural breeding site in an urban zone, Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT This is the description of how nine Aedes aegypti larvae were found in a natural breeding site in the Pinheiros neighborhood, city of Sao Paulo, SP, Southeastern Brazil. The record was conducted in December 2014, during an entomological surveillance program of dengue virus vectors, with an active search of potential breeding sites, either artificial or natural. Finding Ae. aegypti larvae in a tree hole shows this species’ ability to use both artificial and natural environments as breeding sites and habitats, which points towards the importance of maintaining continuous surveillance on this mosquito in all kinds of water-holding containers.

Strongyloses ratti and S. stercoralis: effects of cambendazole, thiabendazole and mebendazole in vitro

The effects of in vitro incubation of three henzimidazole anthelmintics, thiabendazole, mebendazole and cambendazole on Strongyloides were compared. No drug affected hatching of S. ratti eggs or the viability of infective larvae or parasitic adult worms, but all three inhibited moulting of S. ratti larvae. In addition, cambendazole, but not thiabendazole or mebendazole, impaired the viability of S. ratti first- and second-stage larvae. The three drugs had no effect on isolated S. stercorais free-living adult worms, but they all prevented development of S. stercoralis rhabditiform larvae. Thiabendazole and mebendazole had no effect on the infectivity of either S. ratti or S. stercoralis infective larvae, but infection with these worms was abrogated by prior incubation with cambendazole. These results indicate that cambendazole acts in a different manner to the other two drugs. Since it is active against larvae migrating through the tissues, it is potentially of much greater value than thiabendazole or mebendazole in the therapy of strongyloidiasis.

Avaliação exploratória de atuação bienal do Programa Integrado de Doenças Endêmicas do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - PIDE/CNPq

Revisa se inicialmente a identidade básica do Programa Integrado de Doenças Endêmicas (PIDE), iniciativa do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), destinado ao fomento diferenciado nas áreas de Doença de Chagas, Esquistossomose, Malária, Leishmanioses e outras endemias relevantes (I). Descrevem-se, a seguir, procedimentos e resultados da avaliação exploratória de sua sexta fase bienal (PIDE VI): os aspectos científicos propostos para investigação foram atividade, produtividade e progresso; dados primários foram coletados através de questionários respondidos por 73,3% dos responsáveis pelos 195 projetos financiados, complementando os com informações institucionais disponíveis (II); apurou-se, ao final, volume, custo global e custo médio de projeto por área- distribuição das alocações por regiões geográficas e universidades do país mais freqüentemente contempladas. Tais indicadores revelaram alta atividade e produtividade, sobretudo na área de Doença de Chagas, região Sudeste e cinco Universidades brasileiras (III). A exploração desses comportamentos observados nos projetos, aparentemente mais afeitos às características dos estudiosos do que dos estudados, constitui o objeto da discussão (IV).

Therapy of the experimental infection by Strongyloides venezuelensis in rats with injectable ivermectin or levamizole

For the therapy of human strongyloidiasis, are necessary effective drugs to eliminate both larvae and adult worm parasitism, which may also be used by parenteral route, to obviate the particular conditions presented by many patients. A study based on the experimental infection by Strongyloides venezuelensis in rats was done, administering injectable ivermectin or levamizole. Both drugs were shown to be active, when used in single doses of 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg of ivermectin, or 26 mg/kg for levamizole. Ivermectin was slightly more effective as far as larval stage of the infection is concerned, and the same happened for levamisole for the adult worm stage. Promising perspectives are visualized to improve the therapy of patients with serious disseminated infection by Strongyloides stercoralis.

Differences between in vitro and in vivo obtained schistosomules

The injection of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni into the peritoneal cavity of naive mice induces cell adhesion to these larvae, and this adherence sharply decreases when the infecting larva changes to schistosomule. This procedure was used to detect differences between schistosomules obtained in vivo and in vitro. Reinoculation of schistosomules obtained in vivo into the peritoneal cavity of mice did not trigger cell adhesion. In contrast, adherent cells were found in 4 and 24-hour-in vitro schistosomules. Our data on schistosomules obtained in vitro indicate that more than 24 hours are needed for complete remotion of molecules involved in the phenomenon of cell adhesion.