Hydrogen peroxide induces a specific DNA base change profile in the presence of the iron chelator 2,2’ dipyridyl in Escherichia coli

Pretreatment of Escherichia coli cultures with the iron chelator 2,2’-dipyridyl (1 mM) protects against the lethal effects of low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (<15 mM). However, at H2O2 concentrations equal to or greater than 15 mM, dipyridyl pretreatment increases lethality and mutagenesis, which is attributed to the formation of different types of DNA lesions. We show here that pretreatment with dipyridyl (1 mM) prior to challenge with high H2O2 concentrations (≥15 mM) induced mainly G:C→A:T transitions (more than 100X with 15 mM and more than 250X with 20 mM over the spontaneous mutagenesis rate) in E. coli. In contrast, high H2O2 concentrations in the absence of dipyridyl preferentially induced A:T→T:A transversions (more than 1800X and more than 300X over spontaneous mutagenesis for 15 and 20 mM, respectively). We also show that in the fpg nth double mutant, the rpoB gene mutation (RifS-RifR) induced by 20 mM H2O2 alone (20X higher) was increased in 20 mM H2O2 and dipyridyl-treated cultures (110X higher), suggesting additional and/or different lesions in cells treated with H2O2 under iron deprivation. It is suggested that, upon iron deprivation, cytosine may be the main damaged base and the origin of the pre-mutagenic lesions induced by H2O2.

HFE gene mutations and iron status of Brazilian blood donors

Mutations of the HFE and TFR2 genes have been associated with iron overload. HFE and TFR2 mutations were assessed in blood donors, and the relationship with iron status was evaluated. Subjects (N = 542) were recruited at the Hemocentro da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Iron status was not influenced by HFE mutations in women and was independent of blood donation frequency. In contrast, men carrying the HFE 282CY genotype had lower total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) than HFE 282CC genotype carriers. Men who donated blood for the first time and were carriers of the HFE 282CY genotype had higher transferrin saturation values and lower TIBC concentrations than those with the homozygous wild genotype for the HFE C282Y mutation. Moreover, in this group of blood donors, carriers of HFE 63DD plus 63HD genotypes had higher serum ferritin values than those with the homozygous wild genotype for HFE H63D mutation. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that HFE 282CY leads to a 17.21% increase (P = 0.018) and a 83.65% decrease (P = 0.007) in transferrin saturation and TIBC, respectively. In addition, serum ferritin is influenced by age (3.91%, P = 0.001) and the HFE 63HD plus DD genotype (55.84%, P = 0.021). In conclusion, the HFE 282Y and 65C alleles were rare, while the HFE 63D allele was frequent in Brazilian blood donors. The HFE C282Y and H63D mutations were associated with alterations in iron status in blood donors in a gender-dependent manner.

ATIVIDADE INIBITÓRIA DE TRIPSINA EM PRODUTOS DERIVADOS DE SOJA (Glycine max) CONSUMIDOS NO BRASIL

O trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a atividade inibitória de tripsina em produtos comerciais de soja consumidos pela população, tais como bebidas à base de extrato de soja, e fómulas não-lácteas à base de proteína isolada de soja, para os intolerantes ao leite. Os resultados mostraram que, excetuando-se os produtos à base de extrato de soja, os demais apresentam valores baixos de atividade inibitória de tripsina, em torno de 5% do valor encontrado para a farinha desengordurada. Além disso, através de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida com revelação para inibidores de tripsina, demonstrou-se que em alguns casos a inibição observada através do método colorimétrico de KAKADE, SIMONS & LIENER [8] se deve provavelmente à inibição não específica provocada por outros componentes da amostra.

Ensaio tecnológico e sensorial de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] enlatada em estádios verdes e no estádio da maturação de colheita

Foi estudada a viabilidade de consumo da cultivar de soja IAC PL-1 enlatada como grão verde e sua melhor época de colheita para enlatamento. Para tanto procederam-se cinco colheitas a partir do 48º dia após a floração (DAF) até a extinção da coloração verde. O processamento iniciou-se pelo branqueamento das vagens, debulha e enlatamento. Aos cinco lotes obtidos adicionou-se um sexto lote para estudar o efeito do armazenamento. Para qualificar os seis lotes de grãos enlatados foram efetuadas medidas de peso, cor, textura e características do líquido de enlatamento. Foram realizados estudos das propriedades sensoriais dos grãos enlatados para dimensionar a aceitação pela degustação e aparência. O enlatamento foi otimizado para 121ºC com tempo de esterilização em torno de 4 minutos. A maturidade fisiológica dos grãos ocorreu entre o 61º ao 64º DAF. O processo térmico conservou a cor verde dos grãos enlatados e não induziu perda expressiva da massa dos grãos; a textura firme dos grãos aumentou com a maturação. Os provadores demonstraram boa aceitação dos produtos e não ocorreu preferência em relação aos estádios de maturação. O trabalho conclui que grãos verdes de soja IAC PL-1 proporcionam enlatados com boas características técnicas e gustativas. Foi observado que grãos colhidos no ponto convencional de maturação, armazenados e enlatados obtiveram boa aceitação gustativa, concluindo-se que a cultivar IAC PL-1 é também adequada para o consumo e enlatada após o armazenamento.

Carboidratos das fibras de cotilédones e proteínas de produtos derivados de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril)

Fibras alimentares obtidas de cotilédones de soja original (FAO) e micronizada (FAM) foram fracionadas e avaliadas quanto a polissacarídeos e monossacarídeos constituintes. O componente majoritário foi a hemicelulose, totalizando 59% em FAO e 51% na FAM, a pectina representou em média 14% e a celulose 8,5%. As duas amostras de fibras apresentaram 17 mg.g-1 de ácidos urônicos e a mesma composição de monossacarídeos, sendo galactose, glicose e arabinose/ramnose os principais componentes. As proteínas de concentrado protéico, farinha desengordurada e fibras alimentares (FAO e FAM) foram avaliadas quanto à solubilidade em diferentes solventes (NaCl, água, etanol e NaOH) e quanto ao peso molecular. A farinha desengordurada de soja teve a maior parte das proteínas passível de extração com solução salina, e o concentrado protéico e as fibras de cotilédones com solução alcalina. A fração protéica que não foi extraída com nenhum dos quatro solventes utilizados permaneceu no resíduo, o maior percentual estava no concentrado, seguido pela fibra alimentar micronizada e a farinha, já a menor quantidade estava na fibra alimentar original. A eletroforese das proteínas dos quatro ingredientes alimentares mostrou as subunidades que constituem as frações β-conglicinina e glicinina. Bandas com peso molecular próximo aos 30 kDa foram reveladas nas proteínas extraídas das fibras de cotilédones de soja, sendo provavelmente glicoproteínas de parede celular, ricas em hidroxiprolina.

The effect of irradiation and thermal process on beef heme iron concentration and color properties

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of irradiation and thermal process on the heme iron (heme-Fe) concentration and color properties of Brazilian cattle beef. Beef samples (patties and steaks) were irradiated at 0-10 kGy and cooked in a combination oven at 250 ºC for 9 minutes with 70% humidity. Total iron and heme iron (heme-Fe) concentrations were determined. The data were compared by multiple comparisons and fixed- effects ANOVA. Irradiation at doses higher than 5 kGy significantly altered the heme-Fe concentration. However, the sample preparation conditions interfered more in the heme-Fe content than did the irradiation. Depending on the animal species, meat heme iron levels between 35 and 52% of the total iron are used for dietetic calculations. In this study the percentage of heme-iron was, on average, 70% of the total iron showing that humidity is an important factor for its preservation. The samples were analyzed instrumentally for CIE L*, a*, and b* values.

Almond and peanut flours suppelmented with iron as potential ingredients to develop gluten-free cookies

Brazil is the second biggest worldwide producer of cookies and there are many varieties in the market; however, only a few are gluten-free. The objectives of this work were to formulate two gluten-free cookies added with iron, peanut or almond, and analyze their physicochemical, chromatic and sensory properties. Moisture, instrumental color (L*, a*, b* and C*), ash, proteins, lipids, iron, carbohydrates (estimated by difference), and water activity were determined. The acceptance of the products was assessed by 115 untrained taste panelists using a five-point hedonic scale. The data collected from the physicochemical analyses were submitted to Levene's, ANOVA, and Tukey's tests, which showed statistical difference (p < 0.05) in all the attributes for centesimal composition, water activity, and color of the cookies. Peanut and almond cookies could be considered sources of iron once they presented at least 15% of the daily recommended value of intake. They also garnered acceptance indexes of 80 and 85%, respectively, concluding that both formulations developed in this study were source of iron and contained high concentration of lipids and proteins with great sensory acceptance, suggesting their potential consumption by gluten-intolerants.

Development of gluten-free cookie from medicinal plants (Guaraná - Paullinea cupana and Catuaba - Anemopaegma mirandum) aiming at copper, iron, and zinc supplementation

Two flavors of cookies were developed (savory and peppery) containing a mixture of plants such as "guaraná" (Paullinia cupana) and "catuaba" (Anemopaegma mirandum). A test of acceptance and buying intention was applied to 48 consumers through a structured hedonic scale of 9 points. Afterwards, the centesimal compositions of these cookies were obtained as well as their total contents of copper, iron, and zinc through the method of atomic absorption spectrometry with flame. Sensorial tests indicated that the cookies presented good acceptance with potential to sensorial growth. The amount of fibers in the samples, 3 g/100 g, surpassed expectations since the product was not invented with the intention of being a source of this nutrient. The total amount of copper (0.41 mg.100 g-1), iron (4.50 mg.100 g-1), and zinc (1.32 mg.100 g-1) was considered good. The cookies produced can be considered good sources of fibers, copper, iron, and zinc. Furthermore, they are beneficial to people affected by celiac disease because they lack gluten. They also present functional properties. In addition, the medicinal plants used are considered energetic.

Sensory evaluation of rice fortified with iron

The objective of this study was to examine sensory differences between conventional rice and iron-fortified Ultra Rice rice (UR) and determine consumer acceptance. Differences between both types of rice were analyzed using the Duo-Trio Test on 37 non-trained judges. The Acceptance Test evaluated general rice appearance, color, aroma and taste by 43 non-trained judges, using a 7-point hedonic scale with extremes ranging from "really disliked" and "really liked." There were no significant differences between the analyzed samples of conventional rice and UR rice using Duo-Trio Test. Mean values from the Acceptance Test for the evaluated attributes (general appearance, color, aroma e taste) were 5.6 and 5.9, corresponding to "liked" and "really liked" according to the hedonic scale, respectively. The iron did not alter the sensory characteristics of the final product, and the iron-fortified rice was well accepted.

Análise sensorial dos grãos de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril) tostados por diferentes tratamentos

A soja tem importância para a saúde e seu consumo tem aumentado devido principalmente aos diversos produtos presentes no mercado. Prevenindo a ação das enzimas lipoxigenases há melhora na aceitação dos produtos derivados da soja. Vários processos tecnológicos podem evitar a ação da enzima lipoxigenase, a qual pode causar atributos sensoriais que causam rejeição no consumo de grãos de soja. A pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar a aceitabilidade dos grãos de soja tostados por diferentes tratamentos. Em grãos de soja previamente macerados, com as cascas retiradas, foram realizados cinco tratamentos: T1 e T2 - com secagem prévia + 10 e 15 minutos de forno, respectivamente; T3, T4 e T5 - sem secagem prévia + 45, 50 e 60 minutos de forno. O T6, controle, recebeu o mesmo tratamento, foi seco em estufa (55 °C) durante 31 horas. O comportamento dos provadores em relação ao consumo da soja não condiz com o conhecimento da importância para a saúde e a facilidade de aquisição do hábito de consumo, não havendo diferença para idade ou sexo. O tratamento que promoveu a maior aceitabilidade dos grãos de soja tostados foi o que recebeu o tempo intermediário de 50 minutos, sem secagem prévia.

Iron availability in the presence of β-carotene in different mixtures

Iron availability in the diet is very important because iron deficiency affects a large population in the world. The matrix where iron is present has an influence in its availability. The presence of β-carotene is a factor that alters the availability of iron. This research aims to estimate the iron availability in the presence of β-carotene in food mixtures: M1 = egg and pumpkin; M2 = spinach and pumpkin; M3 = spinach and cabbage; M4 = egg and cabbage; M5 = spinach and carrot; M6 = egg and carrot; M7 = bean and carrot; M8 = bean and pumpkin and M9 = bean and cabbage. After cooking, the following figures were determined: proximate composition, oxalic acid, phytic acid, tannin, iron, iron availability in vitro and β-carotene. The data were analyzed by Tukey test (5%). There were no significant statistical differences for oxalic acid. Tannin presented greater results in mixtures with spinach (M2 and M5); phytic acid was greater in bean samples (M7, M8 and M9) and with spinach (M2). Mixtures M5 e M7, with carrot, presented more β-carotene than the others. The best result for iron availability appeared in mixture (M6). A positive correlation was verified between protein and iron dialysis, and between lipids and iron dialysis. Dietetic fiber was an inhibitor to iron availability. Mixtures with egg showed greater iron availability

Comparison between the availability of iron in the presence of vitamin a and β-carotene in foods and medications

The objective of this work was to verify the availability of iron in the presence of vitamin A as components of foods and in combinations with medicines. The iron available was measured in the presence of vitamin A in foods - common bean (B), beef liver (Li) and carrot (C) - and medicines - Fer-In-Sol® (Fer) (Mead Johnson), Arovit® (A) (Roche) and Neutrofer® (N) (Sigma Pharma) - as well as in combinations of both. β-carotene, vitamin A, total iron, heme and non heme iron, percentage of dialyzable iron and amount of dialyzable iron was determined. Vitamin A and β-carotene had a positive effect on the percentage of iron dialysis. Carrot and liver had a better percentage of dialyzable iron than their respective medicine at similar concentrations. Therefore, we can conclude that there has been an influence of vitamin A over the dialysis of iron, being the mixtures containing liver the ones which achieved the highest concentrations of dialyzable iron, and also that, according to the amounts needed to obtain the daily recommended intake of iron, they are good for consumption.

Iron and zinc availability in maize lines

The aim of this study was to characterize the Zn and Fe availability by phytic acid/Zn and phytic acid/Fe molar ratios, in 22 tropical maize inbred lines with different genetic backgrounds. The Zn and Fe levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the P through colorimetry method. Three screening methods for phytic acid (Phy) analysis were tested and one, based on the 2,2'-bipyridine reaction, was select. There was significant variability in the contents of zinc (17.5 to 42 mg.kg-1), iron (12.2 to 36.7 mg.kg-1), phosphorus (230 to 400 mg.100 g-1), phytic acid (484 to 1056 mg.100 g-1), phytic acid P (140 to 293 mg.100 g-1) and available-P (43.5 to 199.5 mg.100 g-1), and in the available-P/total-P ratio (0.14 to 0.50), Phy/Zn (18.0 to 43.5) and Phy/Fe (16.3 to 45.5) molar ratios. Lines 560977, 560978 and 560982 had greater availability of Zn and lines 560975, 560977, 561010 and 5610111 showed better Fe availability. Lines 560975, 560977 and 560978 also showed better available-P/total-P ratio. Thus, the lines 560975, 560977 and 560978 were considered to have the potential for the development of cultivars of maize with high availability of Fe and/or Zn.

Iron enriched Saccharomyces cerevisiae maintains its fermenting power and bakery properties

Iron is an essential micronutrient in the metabolism of almost all living organisms; however, its deficiency is well documented especially in pregnant women and in children. Iron salts as a dietary supplement have low bioavailability and can cause gastrointestinal discomforts. Iron enriched yeasts can provide a supplementation of this micronutrient to the diet because this mineral has a better bioavailability when bonded to yeast cell macromolecules. These yeasts can be used as feed supplement for human and animals and also as baker's yeast. Baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultivated in a reactor employing yeast media supplemented with 497 mg ferrous sulfate.L-1, and the resultant biomass incorporated 8 mg Fe.g-1 dry matter. This biomass maintained its fermenting power regarding both water displace measurement through carbonic dioxide production and bakery characteristics. The bread produced using the yeast obtained by cultivation in yeast media supplemented with iron presented six times more iron than the bread produced using the yeast obtained by cultivation without iron supplementation.

Physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of vitabosa (mucuna deeringiana) and soybean (glycine max)

Physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of vitabosa flour (Mucuna deeringiana) and soybean flour (Glycine max) were determined. Oil absorption capacity was higher in vitabosa. Water absorption capacity was higher in soy and it was affected by the change in the ionic strength of the medium. Emulsifying Activity (EA) decreased with increasing concentration of flour, while Emulsifying Stability (ES) showed an increased. EA and ES of flours have more ionic strength in the range between 0.0 and 0.4 M, but it is reduced afterwards with the higher concentration of NaCl. Foaming stability varied with the concentration of flour solution reaching maximum values of 39 and 33% for vitabosa and soybean, respectively at 10% flour concentration.Vitabosa had the best foaming capacity (56% to 0.6 M) compared with soybeans (47% to 0.4 M). Maximum capacity of gelation was observed in vitabosa at 10% flour concentration. Increases in ionic strength of the flour solution, at low salt concentrations (<0.4 M), improved the gelation of flours.