Redução na dose do herbicida aplicado em pós-emergência associada a espaçamento reduzido da cultura de soja para controle de Brachiaria plantaginea

A integração de certas práticas de manejo ao controle químico de plantas daninhas pode permitir a redução da dose do herbicida a ser aplicado, sem alterar significativamente os níveis de controle das plantas daninhas e rendimento de grãos de soja. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi de avaliar a redução da dose recomendada da mistura formulada dos herbicidas fluazifop-p-butyl + fomesafen aplicados em condições de pós-emergência das palntas daninhas, associada à variação no espaçamento entre linhas da cultura de soja, sobre o controle de papuã (Brachiaria plantaginea) e o rendimento final de grãos da cultura. O experimento foi realizado na EEA/UFRGS, em Eldorado do Sul-RS, na estação de crescimento de 1997/98. O cultivar de soja testado foi o BR 16, em semeadura direta. Como tratamentos, utilizaram-se três espaçamentos entre linhas (20, 40 e 60 cm) e cinco doses do herbicida [fluazifop-p-butyl (200 g L-1) + fomesafen (250 g L-1)], aplicado na dose recomendada comercialmente de 1,0 L ha-1 (100%) e com reduções da dose (75, 50 e 25% da dose recomendada), mais a testemunha. Avaliou-se visualmente o controle de papuã aos 8 e 17 dias após as aplicações do herbicida, bem como a fitomassa seca de papuã e o rendimento de grãos da cultura. Os resultados evidenciaram que, para infestação moderada de papuã, o espaçamento entre linhas não tem efeito sobre o seu controle quando o herbicida é utilizado na dose recomendada. Para aplicações tardias, o espaçamento de 40 cm permite reduzir a dose do herbicida em até 50% sem afetar o controle de papuã e em 75% sem diminuir o rendimento de grãos da soja. A redução na dose do herbicida está condicionada à época de aplicação e ao espaçamento entre linhas; com espaçamentos reduzidos, é importante que as aplicações sejam feitas precocemente, a fim de garantir que quantidade suficiente de produto atinja as plantas daninhas.

Dose econômica ótima de acifluorfen + bentazon para controle de picão-preto e guanxuma em soja

As doses dos herbicidas são estabelecidas para uso em uma ampla variação de condições ambientais e de manejo das culturas. Contudo, algumas vezes, as doses de herbicidas podem ser reduzidas e, ainda assim, a interferência das plantas daninhas com a cultura pode ser suprimida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a redução de dose para o herbicida acifluorfen + bentazon no controle de picão-preto (Bidens spp.) e guanxuma (Sida rhombifolia), em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento das plantas daninhas, em relação à época de emergência da soja. Para isso, foi conduzido experimento em campo, em Passo Fundo - RS, cujos tratamentos constaram de quatro doses do herbicida (1,25; 1,5; 1,75; e 2,0 L ha-1), aplicadas em cinco combinações de estádios de desenvolvimento da cultura e das plantas daninhas, além de duas testemunhas, uma sem controle das plantas daninhas e outra em que estas foram arrancadas manualmente nas mesmas datas das aplicações/herbicidas. Considerando-se todas as situações testadas, o grau de controle de guanxuma variou entre 80 e 99% e o de picão-preto entre 78 e 99%. Constatou-se, para as duas espécies-alvo, que o melhor controle, considerando todo o ciclo, foi a aplicação em plantas daninhas com quatro folhas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o incremento na dose de acifluorfen + bentazon, na faixa de 1,25 a 2,0 L ha-1, resulta em retorno linear positivo, em termos de produtividade da soja. A dose de rótulo de 2,0 L ha-1 foi a que se mostrou biologicamente mais eficaz; já doses próximas a 75% da dose de rótulo foram as que compensaram, economicamente, a adoção do controle.

Curvas de dose-resposta para avaliação do controle de fluxos de emergência de plantas daninhas pelo herbicida imazapic

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o controle de dois fluxos de emergência das plantas daninhas capim-marmelada (Brachiaria plantaginea) e capim-colchão (Digitaria horizontalis) pelo herbicida imazapic, aplicado em condição de pré-emergência, por meio de curvas de dose-resposta. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições; cada parcela constou de um vaso de 3 L de capacidade, preenchido com solo argiloso, acrescido de sementes de capim-marmelada e capim-colchão. Sendo D a dose recomendada do imazapic (140 g ha-1), os tratamentos foram: 4D, 2D, D, 1/2D, 1/4D, 1/8D, 1/16D e ausência do herbicida. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle aos 30 e 60 dias após a infestação (DAI) e de massa seca aos 60 DAI. Após a colheita da biomassa resultante do primeiro fluxo de emergência presente nas parcelas, os vasos foram novamente semeados com as plantas daninhas e foram realizadas novas avaliações de controle aos 30 e 60 dias após reinfestação (DAR) e de massa seca aos 60 DAR. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se afirmar que: o imazapic inibiu o desenvolvimento de ambas as plantas daninhas, alcançando resultados superiores a 80% de controle em todas as avaliações, para a dose recomendada, nos dois fluxos de emergência; a eficácia no controle de capim-colchão foi ligeiramente superior à do controle do capim-marmelada; e o herbicida imazapic apresentou-se como uma opção interessante para manejo dessas plantas daninhas.

Deriva simulada de glyphosate em algodoeiro: efeito de dose, cultivar e estádio de desenvolvimento

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da deriva simulada, pela aplicação de doses reduzidas de glyphosate em diferentes cultivares e estádios de desenvolvimento do algodoeiro. O ensaio foi realizado a campo em Alta Floresta, MT. As doses reduzidas de glyphosate foram 0, 180 e 360 g e.a. ha-1. Os cultivares ITA-90 e BRS-Facual foram tratados nos estádios de quatro e dez folhas. Foram avaliados aos 7, 14, 28, 42, 56 e 70 dias: sintomas visuais de intoxicação e altura de planta. Ao final do ensaio, foi avaliado o rendimento de algodão em caroço. Plantas de algodão tratadas com a dose de 180 g ha-1 apresentaram recuperação lenta, não havendo diferença entre os estádios de desenvolvimento. A maior dose provocou maiores danos em plantas mais jovens. O algodoeiro tratado com a menor dose apresentou crescimento normal nos 70 dias após a aplicação; quando tratado com 360 g ha-1, o crescimento foi afetado, principalmente em plantas mais jovens, e os sintomas visuais de intoxicação nas folhas foram mais severos em plantas mais jovens, havendo recuperação classificada como aceitável em plantas mais velhas. Houve redução no rendimento de algodão em caroço em todos os tratamentos, exceto em plantas mais velhas tratadas com 180 g ha-1.

Controle de papuã (Brachiaria plantaginea) em soja em função da dose e da época de aplicação do herbicida clethodim

Herbicidas podem apresentar diferentes níveis de controle de plantas daninhas, em função de espécies presentes na área, estádio de desenvolvimento, dose do herbicida e condições de aplicação e de ambiente. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram investigar a possibilidade de uso de dose reduzida do herbicida graminicida clethodim, aplicado em pós-emergência, para controlar papuã em soja e quantificar a influência da época de aplicação do controle químico sobre variáveis agronômicas da cultura. O experimento foi instalado na EEA/UFRGS, em Eldorado do Sul, RS, no ano agrícola 2005/06. O cultivar de soja utilizado foi Fepagro-RS 10, semeado em espaçamento entre fileiras de 25 cm. Os fatores e tratamentos comparados foram: doses do herbicida clethodim (96 e 60 g ha-1) e épocas do controle químico de papuã (de 3 até 39 dias após emergência da soja). Foram mantidas testemunhas com presença e ausência de papuã, em espaçamentos entre fileiras de soja de 25 e 50 cm. Avaliaram-se variáveis relacionadas à produtividade de grãos e outras características agronômicas de soja. É viável reduzir a dose do herbicida clethodim em 38% para controlar papuã em soja. Quando não há controle do papuã, a redução do espaçamento entre fileiras de soja de 50 para 25 cm aumenta seu potencial competitivo e a produtividade de grãos, diferença não observada quando há controle da infestante. Uma única aplicação do herbicida clethodim na dose recomendada ou em dose reduzida, realizada entre os estádios V1 e V6 da soja, mantém controle completo de papuã, mesmo com nove afilhos, sem afetar a produtividade de grãos da cultura.

Effect of dose and application site on quinclorac absorption by barnyardgrass biotypes

This work aimed to evaluate the uptake and translocation of quinclorac in function of application sites (shoot or roots) by Echinochloa crusgalli biotypes resistant and susceptible to this herbicide. The treatments consisted of quinclorac doses (0; 0.5; 1; 2; 4; 16 and 64 ppm), applied on the shoot or roots of seedlings of barnyardgrass biotypes. The experimental units consisted of plastic cups containing 250 cm³ of sand. The treatments were applied 10 days after emergence, when barnyardgrass plants reached a 2- to 3- leaf growth stage. The barnyardgrass biotypes were irrigated with nutritive solution weekly and maintained for 40 days after emergence, when length, fresh and dry matter of shoot and roots were evaluated. Variance analysis was carried out using the F test at 5% probability, and in case of significance, a non-linear regression analysis was also carried out using a three-parameter logistic model. In the susceptible biotype, quinclorac was more absorbed by the roots than by the shoot. Comparing dry mass production of the different plant parts of the susceptible biotype per application site, it was verified that quinclorac action is higher when applied to the plant roots. However, for the resistant biotype, it was not possible to determine the dose causing 50% reduction in dry mass accumulation (GR50) and in the resistance index (RI) between both biotypes, due to its high resistance to quinclorac (128 times the recommended dosage). The results showed that quinclorac resistance by the evaluated biotype is not due to differences in the absorption site, strongly suggesting that the resistance acquired by the biotype may result from alteration in the target site.

Suscetibilidade diferencial de espécies convolvuláceas ao flumioxazin determinada através de curvas de dose-resposta

As plantas daninhas denominadas vulgarmente como corda-de-viola, pertencentes aos gêneros Ipomoea e Merremia, estão entre as mais importantes do Brasil. A identificação das espécies em campo, bem como o conhecimento da suscetibilidade específica a herbicidas, notadamente a flumioxazin, cuja tolerância específica é variável, são informações essenciais para uma recomendação racional de manejo. Com o intuito de determinar a suscetibilidade diferencial das convolvuláceas Ipomoea purpurea, Ipomoea hederifolia, Ipomoea triloba, Merremia cissoides e Merremia aegyptia, foram construídas curvas de dose-resposta com o flumioxazin, para obtenção dos controles percentuais de 50, 80, 95 e 99. Para isso, foram conduzidos dois experimentos em casa de vegetação; para cada espécie de planta daninha, os tratamentos herbicidas foram: 0, 7,81, 15,63, 31,25, 62,5, 125, 250, e 500 g de flumioxazin ha-1, aplicados em condições de pré-emergência. A partir dos resultados, conclui-se que a suscetibilidade ao flumioxazin, em ordem decrescente, é: Merremia aegyptia < Ipomoea hederifolia < Ipomoea triloba < Ipomoea purpurea < Merremia cissoides. As doses que proporcionam 80% de controle são, respectivamente pela ordem de espécies, de 238,6; 173,1; 84,7; 43,8; e 16,8 g de flumioxazin ha-1. Merremia aegyptia não é satisfatoriamente controlada pelo flumioxazin.

Dose-response curves of Lolium multiflorum biotypes resistant and susceptible to clethodim

Chemical control with herbicides, especially glyphosate, is the main method used to control ryegrass. However, the repeated use of glyphosate has selected resistant ryegrass biotypes. Thus, the ACCase inhibitor herbicides have become the main alternative to control glyphosate-resistant biotypes, being widely used by farmers in Rio Grande do Sul. Repeated use of ACCase inhibitors, in turn, have selected ryegrass biotypes resistant to this herbicide mechanism. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the response of ryegrass biotypes to different clethodim rates by dose-response curves. Increasing doses (0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 144 and 192 g a.i. ha-1) of the herbicide clethodim were applied at the 3-4 ryegrass leaf stage. The variables control at 14 and 28 days after treatment (DAT) and shoot dry weight were evaluated. The data were fitted by nonlinear regression log-logistic and C50 and GR50 were calculated based on the equation. The resistance factor was obtained by the ratio of C50 or GR50 of the resistant biotype by matching the susceptible biotype. Based on the equation parameters, the doses of GR50 64.7 and 234.5 g a.i. ha-1 clethodim and C50 11.2 and 172.1 g a.i. ha-1 clethodim were obtained, at 28 DAT for the susceptible and resistant biotypes, respectively. The ryegrass biotype denominated Cotril is resistant to clethodim, being controlled with a dose 15.3 times greater than that of the susceptible biotype, and a 50% reduction of this biotype occurs with a dose 3.62 times higher than that of the susceptible one.

Dose-response curve to soil applied herbicides and susceptibility evaluation of different amaranthus species using model identity

Greenhouse studies were conducted in 2008-2009 with the objective of adjusting dose-response curves of the main soil-applied herbicides currently used in cotton for the control of Amaranthus viridis, A. hybridus, A. spinosus, A. lividus, as well as comparing susceptibility among different species, using the identity test models. Thirty six individual experiments were simultaneously carried out in greenhouse, in a sandy clay loam soil (21% clay, 2.36% OM) combining increasing doses of the herbicides alachlor, clomazone, diuron, oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, prometryn, S-metolachlor, and trifluralin applied to each species. Dose-response curves were adjusted for visual weed control at 28 days after herbicide application and doses required for 80% (C80) and 95% (C95) control were calculated. All herbicides, except clomazone and trifluralin, provided efficient control of most Amaranthus species, but substantial differences in susceptibility to herbicides were found. In general, A. lividus was the least sensitive species, whereas A. spinosus demonstrated the highest sensitivity to herbicides. Alachlor, diuron, oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, and prometryn are efficient alternatives to control Amaranthus spp. in a range of doses that are currently lower than those recommended to cotton.

Dose-dependent effects of 17-ß-estradiol on pituitary thyrotropin content and secretion in vitro

We studied the basal and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (50 nM) induced thyrotropin (TSH) release in isolated hemipituitaries of ovariectomized rats treated with near-physiological or high doses of 17-ß-estradiol benzoate (EB; sc, daily for 10 days) or with vehicle (untreated control rats, OVX). One group was sham-operated (normal control). The anterior pituitary glands were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium, pH 7.4, at 37oC in an atmosphere of 95% O2/5% CO2. Medium and pituitary TSH was measured by specific RIA (NIDDK-RP-3). Ovariectomy induced a decrease (P<0.05) in basal TSH release (normal control = 44.1 ± 7.2; OVX = 14.7 ± 3.0 ng/ml) and tended to reduce TRH-stimulated TSH release (normal control = 33.0 ± 8.1; OVX = 16.6 ± 2.4 ng/ml). The lowest dose of EB (0.7 µg/100 g body weight) did not reverse this alteration, but markedly increased the pituitary TSH content (0.6 ± 0.06 µg/hemipituitary; P<0.05) above that of OVX (0.4 ± 0.03 µg/hemipituitary) and normal rats (0.46 ± 0.03 µg/hemipituitary). The intermediate EB dose (1.4 µg/100 g body weight) induced a nonsignificant tendency to a higher TSH response to TRH compared to OVX and a lower response compared to normal rats. Conversely, in the rats treated with the highest dose (14 µg/100 g body weight), serum 17-ß-estradiol was 17 times higher than normal, and the basal and TRH-stimulated TSH release, as well as the pituitary TSH content, was significantly (P<0.05) reduced compared to normal rats and tended to be even lower than the values observed for the vehicle-treated OVX group, suggesting an inhibitory effect of hyperestrogenism. In conclusion, while reinforcing the concept of a positive physiological regulatory role of estradiol on the TSH response to TRH and on the pituitary stores of the hormone, the present results suggest an inhibitory effect of high levels of estrogen on these responses

Paraquat poisoning: an experimental model of dose-dependent acute lung injury due to surfactant dysfunction

Since the most characteristic feature of paraquat poisoning is lung damage, a prospective controlled study was performed on excised rat lungs in order to estimate the intensity of lesion after different doses. Twenty-five male, 2-3-month-old non-SPF Wistar rats, divided into 5 groups, received paraquat dichloride in a single intraperitoneal injection (0, 1, 5, 25, or 50 mg/kg body weight) 24 h before the experiment. Static pressure-volume (PV) curves were performed in air- and saline-filled lungs; an estimator of surface tension and tissue works was computed by integrating the area of both curves and reported as work/ml of volume displacement. Paraquat induced a dose-dependent increase of inspiratory surface tension work that reached a significant two-fold order of magnitude for 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight (P<0.05, ANOVA), sparing lung tissue. This kind of lesion was probably due to functional abnormalities of the surfactant system, as was shown by the increase in the hysteresis of the paraquat groups at the highest doses. Hence, paraquat poisoning provides a suitable model of acute lung injury with alveolar instability that can be easily used in experimental protocols of mechanical ventilation

Electrocardiographic changes during low-dose, short-term therapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis with the pentavalent antimonial meglumine

The pentavalent antimonial (Sb5+) meglumine is the drug of choice for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Brazil. Although the cardiotoxicity of high-dose, long-term Sb5+ therapy is well known, the use of low-dose, short-term meglumine has been considered to be safe and relatively free from significant cardiac effects. In order to investigate the cardiotoxicity of low-dose, short-term therapy with meglumine in cutaneous leishmaniasis, 62 CL patients treated with meglumine were studied. A standard ECG was obtained before and immediately after the first cycle of treatment (15 mg Sb5+ kg-1 day-1). The electrocardiographic interpretation was carried out blindly by two investigators using the Minnesota Code. There were no significant differences in qualitative ECG variables before and after meglumine treatment. However, the corrected QT interval was clearly prolonged after antimonial therapy (420.0 vs 429.3 ms, P<10-6). QTc augmentation exceeded 40 ms in 12 patients, 7 of whom developed marked QTc interval enlargement (500 ms) after meglumine therapy. This previously unrecognized cardiac toxicity induced by short-term, low-dose antimonial therapy has potentially important clinical implications. Since sudden death has been related to QTc prolongation over 500 ms induced by high-dose antimonial therapy, routine electrocardiographic monitoring is probably indicated even in CL patients treated with short-term, low-dose meglumine schedules. Until further studies are conducted to establish the interactions between pentavalent antimonials and other drugs, special care is recommended when using meglumine in combination with other medications, in particular with drugs that also increase the QTc interval.

A micromethod for quantitation of debrisoquine and 4-hydroxydebrisoquine in urine by liquid chromatography

We describe a new simple, selective and sensitive micromethod based on HPLC and fluorescence detection to measure debrisoquine (D) and 4-hydroxydebrisoquine (4-OHD) in urine for the investigation of xenobiotic metabolism by debrisoquine hydroxylase (CYP2D6). Four hundred µl of urine was required for the analysis of D and 4-OHD. Peaks were eluted at 8.3 min (4-OHD), 14.0 min (D) and 16.6 min for the internal standard, metoprolol (20 µg/ml). The 5-µm CN-reverse-phase column (Shimpack, 250 x 4.6 mm) was eluted with a mobile phase consisting of 0.25 M acetate buffer, pH 5.0, and acetonitrile (9:1, v/v) at 0.7 ml/min with detection at lexcitation = 210 nm and lemission = 290 nm. The method, validated on the basis of measurements of spiked urine, presented 3 ng/ml (D) and 6 ng/ml (4-OHD) sensitivity, 390-6240 ng/ml (D) and 750-12000 ng/ml (4-OHD) linearity, and 5.7/8.2% (D) and 5.3/8.2% (4-OHD) intra/interassay precision. The method was validated using urine of a healthy Caucasian volunteer who received one 10-mg tablet of Declinax®, po, in the morning after an overnight fast. Urine samples (diuresis of 4 or 6 h) were collected from zero to 24 h. The urinary excretion of D and 4-OHD, Fel (0-24 h), i.e., fraction of dose administered and excreted into urine, was 6.4% and 31.9%, respectively. The hydroxylation capacity index reported as metabolic ratio was 0.18 (D/4-OHD) for the person investigated and can be compared to reference limits of >12.5 for poor metabolizers (PM) and <12.5 for extensive metabolizers (EM). In parallel, the recovery ratio (RR), another hydroxylation capacity index, was 0.85 (4-OHD: SD + 4-OHD) versus reference limits of RR <0.12 for PM and RR >0.12 for EM. The healthy volunteer was considered to be an extensive metabolizer on the basis of the debrisoquine test.

Amifostine (WR-2721), a cytoprotective agent during high-dose cyclophosphamide treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: a phase II study

Clinical trials indicate that amifostine may confer protection on various normal tissues without attenuating anti-tumor response. When administered prior to chemotherapy or radiotherapy, it may provide a broad spectrum of cytoprotection including against alkylating drugs. The mechanism of protection resides in the metabolism at normal tissue site by membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase. Toxicity of this drug is moderate with hypotension, nausea and vomiting, and hypocalcemia being observed. We report a phase II study using amifostine as a protective drug against high-dose cyclophosphamide (HDCY) (7 g/m2), used to mobilize peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) and to reduce tumor burden. We enrolled 29 patients, 22 (75.9%) affected by aggressive and 7 (24.1%) by indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), who were submitted to 58 infusions of amifostine and compared them with a historical group (33 patients) affected by aggressive NHL and treated with VACOP-B followed by HDCY. The most important results in favor of amifostine were the reduction of intensity of cardiac, pulmonary and hepatic toxicity, and a significant reduction of frequency and severity of mucositis (P = 0.04). None of the 29 patients died in the protected group, while in the historical group 2/33 patients died because of cardiac or pulmonary toxicity and 2 patients stopped therapy due to toxicity. Amifostine did not prevent the aplastic phase following HDCY. PBPC collection and hematological recovery were adequate in both groups. The number of CFU-GM (colony-forming units-granulocyte/macrophage) colonies and mononuclear cells in the apheresis products was significantly higher in the amifostine group (P = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). Side effects were mild and easily controlled. We conclude that amifostine protection should be useful in HDCY to protect normal tissues, with acceptable side effects.

Effect of chronic oral administration of a low dose of captopril on sodium appetite of hypothyroid rats: Influence of aldosterone treatment

Rats rendered hypothyroid by treatment with methimazole develop an exaggerated sodium appetite. We investigated here the capacity of hypothyroid rats (N = 12 for each group) to respond to a low dose of captopril added to the ration, a paradigm which induces an increase in angiotensin II synthesis in cerebral areas that regulate sodium appetite by increasing the availability of circulating angiotensin I. In addition, we determined the influence of aldosterone in hypothyroid rats during the expression of spontaneous sodium appetite and after captopril treatment. Captopril significantly increased (P<0.05) the daily intake of 1.8% NaCl (in ml/100 g body weight) in hypothyroid rats after 36 days of methimazole administration (day 36: 9.2 ± 0.7 vs day 32: 2.8 ± 0.6 ml, on the 4th day after captopril treatment). After the discontinuation of captopril treatment, daily 1.8% NaCl intake reached values ranging from 10.0 ± 0.9 to 13.9 ± 1.0 ml, 48 to 60 days after treatment with methimazole. Aldosterone treatment significantly reduced (P<0.05) saline intake before (7.3 ± 1.6 vs day 0, 14.4 ± 1.3 ml) and after captopril treatment. Our results demonstrate that, although hypothyroid rats develop a deficiency in the production of all components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, their capacity to synthesize angiotensin II at the cerebral level is preserved. The partial reversal of daily 1.8% NaCl intake during aldosterone treatment suggests that sodium retention reduces both spontaneous and captopril-induced salt appetite.