Adaptação fenotípica de raízes de várias plantas com frutos de Dictyosperma rubra Wendl. & Drude encontrados no solo

Resumimos, neste trabalho, os resultados das observações sobre a adaptação fenotípica de raízes de várias plantas, tais como grama-batatais - Paspalum notatum, quebra-pedra ou erva-pombinha Phyllathus ninuri, maria-preta - Solanum nigrum, carurú - Amaranthus sp., tiririca - Cyperus rotundus e outras, com os frutos encontrados no solo da palmeira Dictyosperma rubra Wendl. & Drude, cultivada como ornamental no Parque da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz". Essa adaptação caracteriza-se pela penetração das raízes através de orifícios circulares, existentes no pericarpo dos frutos, e produzidos por uma broca da família Bostriquide, da ordem Coleoptera. As raízes assim assemelham-se a um colar. Diante desse fato, decidimos montar um experimento que nos permitisse elucidar o mecanismo dessa curiosa adaptação fenotípica.

Dois processos para a determinação do valor X de Waugh & Fitts (1966), modificado

São apresentados dois processos para a determinação das quantidades de P a serem adicionadas a amostras de 10 g de terra de modo que, após um período de incubação de 4 dias, 30 ppm de P permaneçam solúveis em 100 ml de solução 0,05 N em HCl e 0,025N em H2SO4. Os processos são os seguintes: a. Baseado na correlação entre as quantidades de P adicionadas as amostras e as extraídas pelo estrator citado; b. Baseado na semelhança dos triângulos obtidos a partir das coordenadas retangulares dos pontos representativos de 30 ppm de P extraído e adicionado e dos pontos imediatamente inferiores e superiores a esse valor. Concluiu-se que os dois processos fornecem resultados equivalentes, sendo indiferente o uso de um ou de outro.

Nutrição mineral de hortaliças. XXXVII. deficiências de macronutrientes em cubiu (Solanum topiro Humb. & Bonpl.)

Plantas de cubiu (Solanum topiro Humb. & Bonpl.), 'INPA-P6-PL2-BLII-Exp l', foram cultivadas, em casa de vegetação em quartzo moído, irrigadas com soluções nutritivas, conforme SARRUGE (1975), e submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: completo, omissão de N, omissão de P, omissão de K, omissão de Ca, omissão de Mg e omissão de S, com o objetivo de: (a) obter sintomas de deficiência dos macronutrientes; (b) analisar o crescimento das plantas através da produção de matéria seca; (c) determinar a concentração dos macro e micronutrientes, exceto molibdênio e cloro, nas folhas, caules e raízes das plantas. Os sintomas visuais de deficiência foram identificados e descritos. As plantas foram coletadas e separadas em raiz, caule e folhas, e determinaram-se os teores de macro e micronutrientes, exceto molibdênio e cloro, neste material. Os resultados obtidos mostram: a) os sintomas visuais de deficiência de nitrogênio, potássio, cálcio e magnésio são bem definidos e de fácil caracterização, não ocorrendo o mesmo para os sintomas visuais de deficiência de fósforo e enxofre; b) os tratamentos que mais afetaram o desenvolvimento das plantas foram: omissão de N, omissão de P e omissão de K, seguidos por omissão de Ca e omissão de Mg. O desenvolvimento das plantas não foi afetado com o tratamento omissão de S; c) os níveis de deficiência e adequação obtidos nas folhas foram: N% = 2,02-2,53 P% = 0,12-0,20; K% = 0,84-3,44; Ca% = 0,22-2,64; Mg% = 0,07-0,48; S% = 0,10 0,25.

Microhabitats de mosquitos (Diptera, Culicidae) em internódios de taquara na Mata Atlântica, Paraná, Brasil

During two consecutive years, from January 1985 to December 1986, a comparative study of mosquitoes preferences for breeding habitat was carried out in the Atlantic Forest of the Serra do Mar, Paraná State, Brazil. To achieve it, 1875 bamboo internodes aligned vertically in live green, bamboo plants Merostachys speciosa Munro and Merostachys sp. were used, in which metabolic water was exuded from the plant itself, and presenting different size/pattern holes at their lateral walls, bored by the local sylvan fauna. Another group of 1200 individual internode traps was used as comparative element, carved out with a transversal cut by a saw, filled with local stream water and held in branches at different heights in the vegetal strata nearby. At both microhabitat types, a total of 17 culicid species was registered. Culex (Microculex) neglectus Lutz, 1904, Cx. (Carrollia) soperi Antunes & Lane, 1937, Sabethes (Sabethes) batesi Lane & Cerqueira, 1942 and Sa. (Sabethinus) melanonymphe (Dyar, 1924)colonized exclusively live plant internodes, while Culex (Microculex) elongatus Rozeboom & Lane, 1950, Cx. (Carrollia) iridescens (Lutz, 1905), Cx. (Carrollia) kompi Valencia,1973and Trichoprosopon (Trichoprosopon) soaresi Dyar & Knab, 1907 bred only in internode traps. The remaining nine species colonized both habitats indistinctly. Quantitatively, was detected the abundance of 60.1% at live green internodes, against 39.9% for internode traps. Concerning the different patterns of bored live internode holes, 40.3% of the total computed specimens were collected in square or rectangular holes, 31.9% in two hole internodes, one minute circular, the other wider, and the remaining 28.8% of specimens distributed in other pattern type internodes. The mosquitoes breeding at these microhabitats fall in the culicid entomofauna specialized at locating and detecting peculiar and propitious mesogen conditions for breeding purposes.

Synchaeta jollyae (Shiel & Koste) (Rotifera, Synchaetidae): an overlooked species or a newcomer in Neotropical freshwaters?

Populations of Synchaeta jollyae (Shiel & Koste, 1993) (Rotifera), a species recently recorded for the first time in Brazil and South America, were analyzed in reservoirs in Southeast Brazil. Sampling was carried out monthly from August 2006 to July 2007 at Furnas Reservoir in the Rio Grande basin, state of Minas Gerais, and in four cascade reservoirs in the Tietê River basin (Barra Bonita, Bariri, Ibitinga and Nova Avanhandava) state of São Paulo, in June and September 2008 and in January and May 2009. Synchaeta jollyae occurred in most samples and periods. From the results obtained it is evident that S. jollyae occurs in water bodies of varied trophic status but reaches larger populations in eutrophic water bodies and during lower temperature periods. The greatest densities of S. jollyae were found in the eutrophic Bariri Reservoir, on the Tietê River, during the winter. Mann-Whitney test confirmed the significant difference between the population densities in periods of high and low temperatures, with populations reaching higher densities at lower temperatures. It is not yet possible to tell whether S. jollyae is a widely distributed species that has been overlooked in previous plankton studies in South America. Wherever these populations of S. jollyae might have originated, it appears to be a species well established and adapted to a wide range of conditions in the Neotropics.

Population ecology of the multivoltine Neotropical gall midge Eugeniamyia dispar (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)

Our understanding of the population ecology of insect gallers is largely built on examples from temperate zones, but tropical and subtropical gallers may present distinct patterns of abundance and distribution across time. Eugeniamyia dispar Maia, Mendonça & Romanowski, 1996 is a multivoltine Neotropical cecidomyiid that induces spongy leaf galls on Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae). Galls were censused in the urban area of Porto Alegre, southern Brazil on six plants at two sites, for two years, at roughly weekly intervals. Overall 9,694 eggs, galling attempts and galls were counted. New galls continuously appear on developing leaves, but galls with live inducers are absent from June to at least early August. Galls on a same shoot develop synchronically, thus the shoot is probably the unit for oviposition. Given the also synchronic appearance of galls on different plants on a site, it seems midges can disperse and attack close-by plants. Gall cohorts varied in abundance by two orders of magnitude; there were more galls during summer than for spring and autumn, in a wave-like pattern. Host plant leaf production was seasonal, with low production during winter and cyclic production during the rest of the year. Perhaps because of this very variable pattern, gall abundance did not follow leaf production: this galler is not synchronised with its host at least during most of the year. This multivoltine gall inducer with "labile" galls, short development time, partially overlapping generations and low host synchronisation differs from the commonly studied species of the temperate regions providing a subject for ecological comparisons.

Estudos sôbre nematóides Filarídeos: genótipo de Dipetalonema Diesing, 1861; valor dos gêneros Acanthocheilonema Cobbold, 1870 e Breinlia Yorke & Maplestone, 1926

The author divides the article in thee parts. In the first part he studies the literature on the genotype of Dipetalonema DIESING, 1861 - D. caudispina (MOLIN, 1858), and gives a new generic diagnosis of the Diesing's genus, based upon its type species. In the second one he studies the literature on the validity of Acanthocheilonema COBBOLD, 1870, and, comparing both generic defvinition and type-species description of Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides COBBOLD, 1870 and Dipetalonema caudispina (MOLIN, 1858), concludes that Cobbold's genus Acanthocheilonema must be, definitely, considered as a synonym of Dipetalonema DIESING, 1861. In the third part a comparative study, based on the literature, is made between generic definitions and type-species descriptions of Breinlia trichosuri (BREINL, 1913) and Dipetalonema caudipina (MOLIN, 1858), and the author concludes that Breinlia must be considered as a valid genus, distinguished from Dipetalonema, principally, by the morphology fo the longer spicule.