Presumed unconstrained dispersal of Aedes aegypti in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate dispersal of Aedes aegypti females in an area with no container manipulation and no geographic barriers to constrain mosquito flight. METHODS: A mark-release-recapture experiment was conducted in December 2006, in the dengue endemic urban district of Olaria in Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, where there is no evident obstacle to the dispersal of Ae. aegypti females. Mosquito traps were installed in 192 houses (96 Adultraps and 96 MosquiTRAPs). RESULTS: A total of 725 dust-marked gravid females were released and recapture rate was 6.3%. Ae. aegypti females traveled a mean distance of 288.12 m and their maximum displacement was 690 m; 50% and 90% of females flew up to 350 m and 500.2 m, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Dispersal of Ae. aegypti females in Olaria was higher than in areas with physical and geographical barriers. There was no evidence of a preferred direction during mosquito flight, which was considered random or uniform from the release point.

Sobrevida de mulheres tratadas por câncer de mama no estado do Rio de Janeiro

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre sobrevida de mulheres com câncer de mama e estrutura e práticas observadas nos estabelecimentos de assistência oncológica. MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal retrospectivo, baseado em informações do Sistema de Autorização de Procedimentos de Alta Complexidade do Sistema Único de Saúde e em amostra aleatória de 310 prontuários de mulheres prevalentes atendidas em 15 unidades hospitalares e ambulatoriais oncológicas com quimioterapia entre 1999 e 2002, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram consideradas como variáveis independentes características da estrutura das unidades oncológicas e as suas intervenções praticadas, controlando o efeito com variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas das pacientes. Para análise dos dados, foram utilizados a técnica de Kaplan-Meier e o modelo de risco de Cox (pseudo-verossimilhança). RESULTADOS: As análises de Kaplan-Meier apontaram associações significativas entre sobrevida e tempo entre diagnóstico e início do tratamento, realização de cirurgia, utilização de hormonioterapia, tipo de hormonioterapia, combinações terapêuticas, tipo de unidade e plano de saúde, volume de atendimento em câncer de mama do estabelecimento e natureza jurídica da unidade. Estimativas obtidas pelo modelo de Cox indicaram associações positivas entre o hazard de morte e tempo entre diagnóstico e início do tratamento, volume de atendimento de câncer de mama do estabelecimento e tipo de unidade combinado ao uso de plano de saúde; e negativas entre sobrevida e cirurgia de mama e tipo de hormonioterapia. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostram associação entre sobrevida de câncer de mama e o cuidado de saúde prestado pelos serviços credenciados, com implicações práticas para pautar novas propostas para o controle do câncer no Brasil.

Sistemas de informação oficiais de meningite criptocócica, estado do Rio de Janeiro

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o perfil epidemiológico de meningite criptocócica em diferentes sistemas de informação, avaliando assim em que medida aquele disponível no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação refletiria as ocorrências da meningite criptocócica no estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 2000 a 2004. O banco do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação foi comparado com um novo banco composto pelos casos de meningite criptocócica desse Sistema, da Assessoria de Meningite da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado e dos registros do laboratório do Instituto Estadual de Infectologia São Sebastião. O Sistema captou 65,7% dos casos presentes no novo banco. O percentual de pacientes apresentando Aids como doença preexistente foi semelhante nos dois bancos (26% e 24,9%). Assim, embora a incidência de meningite criptocócica esteja subestimada nesse Sistema, o perfil dos casos notificados reflete o perfil do total de casos.

DOTS in primary care units in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To describe the implantation and the effects of directly-observed treatment short course (DOTS) in primary health care units. METHODS: Interviews were held with the staff of nine municipal health care units (MHU) that provided DOTS in Rio de Janeiro City, Southeastern Brazil, in 2004-2005. A dataset with records of all tuberculosis treatments beginning in 2004 in all municipal health care units was collected. Bivariate analyses and a multinomial model were applied to identify associations between treatment outcomes and demographic and treatment process variables, including being in DOTS or self-administered therapy (SAT). RESULTS: From 4,598 tuberculosis cases treated in public health units administrated by the municipality, 1,118 (24.3%) were with DOTS and 3,480 (75.7%) with SAT. The odds of DOTS were higher among patients with age under 50 years, tuberculosis relapse and prior history of default or treatment failure. The odds of death were 52.0% higher among patients on DOTS as compared to SAT. DOTS modality including community health workers (CHWs) showed the highest treatment success rate. A reduction of 21.0% was observed in the odds of default (vs. cure) among patients on DOTS as compared to patients on SAT, and a reduction of 64.0% among patients on DOTS with CHWs as compared to those without CHWs. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a "low compliance profile" were more likely to be included in DOTS. This strategy improves the quality of care provided to tuberculosis patients, although the proposed goals were not achieved.

Óbitos e internações por tuberculose não notificados no município do Rio de Janeiro

OBJETIVO: Analisar a subnotificação de óbitos e internações por tuberculose no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan). MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados os óbitos do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) com tuberculose como causa básica ou associada e as internações do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS) com causa principal ou secundária tuberculose de residentes no município do Rio de Janeiro em 2004. Foi realizada associação probabilística das bases de dados do SIM e SIH-SUS com a do Sinan, referentes aos anos de 2002 a 2004. RESULTADOS: Dos 542 óbitos por tuberculose no período, 234 (43,2%) não foram registrados no Sinan nos dois anos anteriores. Das 1.079 internações, 238 (22,1%) não foram notificadas. Foram relacionados às internações 71 óbitos: 47 ocorreram durante a internação por tuberculose, 24 após a internação. Sete não foram notificados no Sinan. Os idosos tiveram 1,6 vez (IC95% 1,074;2,516) a chance de não notificação dos mais jovens, e pessoas com nível superior ou mais escolaridade tiveram 3,6 vezes a chance (IC95% 1,384;11,022) daqueles com nenhum ano de estudo de não serem notificadas. Os menores de 15 anos tiveram 4,8 vezes a chance (IC95% 2,757;8,452) de não notificação daqueles entre 15 e 59 anos. Algumas divisões regionais de saúde apresentaram percentual de óbitos não notificados acima de 50% e esse percentual variou entre 37,8% e 12,7% para internações. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados sugerem problemas na detecção de casos e apontam barreiras de acesso ao tratamento oportuno e adequado e falhas na qualidade do sistema de informação, com diferenças entre as regiões do município.

Pregnancy rates and predictors in women with HIV/AIDS in Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To assess incidence and predictors of first pregnancy among women with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: Prospective cohort study was conducted in Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, between 1996 and 2003. This study comprised 225 women with HIV/AIDS followed up until their first pregnancy or first censored event (hysterectomy, tubal ligation, menopause, 50 years of age, loss to follow-up, death or the end of December 2003). Pregnancy and abortion rates were estimated, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify baseline characteristics associated with pregnancy risk. RESULTS: The women were followed up for 565 person/years with a median follow-up of 3 years per women. The mean age was 32 years (SD: 7), and 54.7% were white. There were 60 pregnancies in 39 women, and 18 were terminated (induced abortions), accounting for a rate of 6.9% and 2.1% women/year, respectively. Repeated pregnancies occurred in 33.3% of the women (13/39). Higher pregnancy risk was seen among younger women (HR=3.42; 95%CI: 1.69;6.95) and those living with their partners (HR=1.89; 95%CI: 1.00;3.57). Lower pregnancy risk was associated with higher education level (HR=0.43; 95%CI: 0.19;0.99) and use of antiretroviral therapy (HR=061; 95%CI: 0.31;1.17). CONCLUSIONS: Lower pregnancy rates were found in our cohort than in the general population. Sociodemographic characteristics should be taken into consideration in the management of reproductive health in HIV-positive childbearing age women. Reproductive and family planning counseling must be incorporated into HIV/AIDS programs for women to help preventing HIV transmission to their partners and offspring.

Bionomics of Culex quinquefasciatus within urban areas of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate density, parity rates, daily survival and longevity of natural populations of Culex quinquefasciatus in three neighborhoods with distinct socio-economic and infrastructure profiles. METHODS: Mosquito collections of the Culex quinquefasciatus species were performed weekly during two four month periods, from August to November 2008 (spring) and March to June 2009 (fall), in a favela (slum), a suburban area and a middle class area of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. Collections were performed with backpack aspirators, in 20 randomly selected houses in each area per week, during 15-20 minutes per house. Ovaries were removed from captured females and classified as initial, intermediary or final stage. Furthermore, females were dissected for determination of parity based on the condition of the tracheal system. Mosquito survival rate and longevity were estimated on a per month basis for each neighborhood. RESULTS: We collected a total of 2,062 Culex quinquefasciatus, but monthly vector density was not correlated with temperature and rainfall. We dissected the ovaries of 625 Culex quinquefasciatus, and overall, there was a higher proportion of nulliparous females during the dryer months, while gravid females were more frequent in rainy months. In the middle class neighborhood, the parity rate reached up to 93.75% with survivorship of 0.979. Lower parity and survival rates were obtained in the suburban area (as low as 36.4% parity and 0.711 daily survival). Up to 84.7% of Culex quinquefasciatus females could survive the eight day period needed to complete West Nile Virus incubation. CONCLUSIONS: The survival rate of Culex quinquefasciatus varied significantly between the neighborhoods. This suggests that vectorial capacity and disease transmission risk may vary greatly between different urban areas, which is potentially useful information for vector control programs.

Homicídios e disputas territoriais nas favelas do Rio de Janeiro

OBJETIVO : Avaliar o risco de homicídios em favelas do Rio de Janeiro, considerando as disputas territoriais em curso na cidade. MÉTODOS : O estudo baseou-se em dados de mortalidade por homicídios na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, de 2006 a 2009. Foram avaliados os riscos em favelas e seus entornos, em função da sua localização e do domínio por grupos armados e tráfico de drogas. Foram empregados métodos e conceitos da geografia e etnografia, com as abordagens de observação participante, entrevistas e análise de dados secundários de saúde. RESULTADOS : As taxas de mortalidade por homicídios no interior das favelas foram equivalentes ou mesmo menores que o restante da cidade, mas consideravelmente maiores nos arredores das favelas, sobretudo em zonas de conflito entre domínios armados rivais. CONCLUSÕES : A presença do tráfico armado em zonas estratégicas da cidade aumenta as taxas de mortalidade por violência e promove a “ecologia do perigo” no entorno de favelas.

Spatial distribution and socioeconomic context of tuberculosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

OBJECTIVE To analyze the spatial distribution of risk for tuberculosis and its socioeconomic determinants in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.METHODS An ecological study on the association between the mean incidence rate of tuberculosis from 2004 to 2006 and socioeconomic indicators of the Censo Demográfico (Demographic Census) of 2000. The unit of analysis was the home district registered in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Notifiable Diseases Information System) of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. The rates were standardized by sex and age group, and smoothed by the empirical Bayes method. Spatial autocorrelation was evaluated by Moran’s I. Multiple linear regression models were studied and the appropriateness of incorporating the spatial component in modeling was evaluated.RESULTS We observed a higher risk of the disease in some neighborhoods of the port and north regions, as well as a high incidence in the slums of Rocinha and Vidigal, in the south region, and Cidade de Deus, in the west. The final model identified a positive association for the variables: percentage of permanent private households in which the head of the house earns three to five minimum wages; percentage of individual residents in the neighborhood; and percentage of people living in homes with more than two people per bedroom.CONCLUSIONS The spatial analysis identified areas of risk of tuberculosis incidence in the neighborhoods of the city of Rio de Janeiro and also found spatial dependence for the incidence of tuberculosis and some socioeconomic variables. However, the inclusion of the space component in the final model was not required during the modeling process.

Difficulties in access and estimates of public beds in intensive care units in the state of Rio de Janeiro

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the required number of public beds for adults in intensive care units in the state of Rio de Janeiro to meet the existing demand and compare results with recommendations by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. METHODS The study uses a hybrid model combining time series and queuing theory to predict the demand and estimate the number of required beds. Four patient flow scenarios were considered according to bed requests, percentage of abandonments and average length of stay in intensive care unit beds. The results were plotted against Ministry of Health parameters. Data were obtained from the State Regulation Center from 2010 to 2011. RESULTS There were 33,101 medical requests for 268 regulated intensive care unit beds in Rio de Janeiro. With an average length of stay in regulated ICUs of 11.3 days, there would be a need for 595 active beds to ensure system stability and 628 beds to ensure a maximum waiting time of six hours. Deducting current abandonment rates due to clinical improvement (25.8%), these figures fall to 441 and 417. With an average length of stay of 6.5 days, the number of required beds would be 342 and 366, respectively; deducting abandonment rates, 254 and 275. The Brazilian Ministry of Health establishes a parameter of 118 to 353 beds. Although the number of regulated beds is within the recommended range, an increase in beds of 122.0% is required to guarantee system stability and of 134.0% for a maximum waiting time of six hours. CONCLUSIONS Adequate bed estimation must consider reasons for limited timely access and patient flow management in a scenario that associates prioritization of requests with the lowest average length of stay.

Seroepidemiology of hepatitis a and b in two urban communities of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Hepatitis B markers were determined in 397 individuals from Niterói and 680 from Nova Iguaçu and prevalences of 9.1% (1.0% of HBsAg and 8.1% of anti HBs) and 11.1% (1.8% of HBsAg and 9.3% of antiHBs) were found, respectively. The comparative prevalence of both markers in relation to age showed a higher prevalence of HBsAg in the group 21-50 years old. Considering the antiHBs antibody, it was demostrated a gradual increase with age, reaching 14.9% in Niterói and 29.1% in Nova Iguaçu in individuals over 51 years old. For hepatitis A, in 259 samples from Niterói, equally distributed by age groups, an overall prevalence of 74.5% of anti-HAV antibodies was found. This prevalence increases gradually reaching 90.0% at age over thirty. In 254 samples from Nova Iguaçu analysed, a prevalence of 90.5% of antibodies was encountered when the same criteria of distribution of samples were used. This level of prevalence reached 90.0% already in the age over ten years old. The tests were performed by enzyme immunoassay with reagents prepared in our laboratory.

A serological investigation of rotavirus infections in a shanty town population in Rio de Janeiro

The presence of antibodies against rotavirus was investigated by enzyme immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in two distinct groups of children living in a shanty town in Rio de Janeiro. One hundred and thirty six plasma samples were randomly collected from children of 0 to 33 months (first group) and 255 serum samples were collected from other 85 children at ages of 2, 6 and 9 months (second group). A high percentage of antibodies were found in the newborn children and this rate decreased progressively until the age of 11 months, after which it increased again. At the age of 7 months, geometric mean antibody titers increased indicating that infection had occurred.

The prevalence of antibody to human parvovirus B19 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

During 1985 and 1986 serum samples were collected from the Rio de Janeiro population and examined for the presence of IgG antibody to human parvovirus B19. No difference in prevalence was found between males and females. Antibody prevalence rose from 35% in children less than five years old to almost 80% in children aged eleven to fifteen years. The antibody prevalence in individuals over 50 years old was over 90%.

Longitudinal study of acute respiratory diseases in Rio de Janeiro: occurrence of respiratory viruses during four consecutive years

The occurrence of different viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions from children less than 5 years old with acute respiratory infections (ARI) was investigated over a period of 4 years (1982-1985) in Rio de Janeiro. Of the viruses known to be associated with ARI, all but influenza C and parainfluenza types 1, 2 and 4 were found. Viruses were found more frequently in children attending emergency or pediatric wards than in outpatients. This was clearly related to the high incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the more severe cases of ARI. RSV positive specimens appeared mainly during the fall, over four consecutive years, showing a clear seasonal ocurrence of this virus. Emergency wards provide the best source of data for RSV surveillance, showing sharp increase in the number of positive cases coinciding with increased incidence of ARI cases. Adenovirus were the second most frequent viruses isolated and among these serotypes 1,2 and 7 were predominant. Influenza virus and parainfluenza virus type 3 were next in frequency. Influenza A virus were isolated with equal frequency in outpatient departments, emergency and pediatric wards. Influenza B was more frequent among outpatients. Parainfluenza type 3 caused outbreaks in the shanty town population annually during the late winter or spring and were isolated mainly from outpatients. Herpesvirus, enterovi-rus and rhinovirus were found less frequently. Other viruses than RSV and parainfluenza type 3 did not show a clear seasonal incidence.