Classificação de água de coco processada e natural por meio de HCA, PCA e teores de íons metálicos determinados por ICP OES

Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry was used to determine Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu in samples of processed and natural coconut water. The sample preparation consisted in a filtration step followed by a dilution. The analysis was made employing optimized instrumental parameters and the results were evaluated using methods of Pattern Recognition. The data showed common concentration values for the analytes present in processed and natural samples. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) indicated that the samples of different kinds were statistically different when the concentrations of all the analytes were considered simultaneously.

Caracterização e classificação de resíduo sólido "pó de rocha granítica" gerado na indústria de rochas ornamentais

The ornamental rock industry generates huge amounts of wastes during the process of extraction and sawing of rock blocks. The ornamental rock powder waste is a non-biodegradable material, which represents the increase in environmental problem. The waste was collected from a granitic rock sawing plant located in Santo Antônio de Pádua, Rio de Janeiro. The chemical-environmental characterization and classification of the waste were done according to ABNT standards. The results showed that the granitic rock powder waste should be classified as Class II A - "No Inert", because of its high concentrations of lead, chrome, iron and manganese.

Classificação de refrigerantes através de análise de imagens e análise de componentes principais (PCA)

This paper describes an approach for the colour-based classification of RGB (red-green-blue) images, acquired using a common scanner, of commercial carbonated soft drinks. Mean histograms of image colour channels were evaluated for the PCA classification of 29 brands of Guaraná, Cola, and orange flavors. Loadings for principal component axes resulted in different patterns for sample grouping on score plots according to RGB histograms. pH, sorbic acid and sucrose measurements were also correlated to the analyzed brands through PCA score plots of the digitalized images.

Extração seletiva de metais pesados em sedimentos de fundo do Rio Tietê, São Paulo

Sediment samples from Tietê river were submitted to chemical and sequential extractions of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). It was followed a single extraction by using 0.1 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid and a sequential procedure to evaluate possible chemical associations described as exchangeable, carbonate, reducible oxides, sulfide, organic matter and residual fractions. High concentrations of heavy metals were determined at Pirapora reservoir, which is closer to the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo while for Barra Bonita reservoir, the results showed low concentrations for such elements. Acid volatile sulfides, grain size distribution and carbon contents were also determined.

Classificação periódica: um exemplo didático para ensinar análise de componentes principais

A dataset of chemical properties of the elements is used herein to introduce principal components analysis (PCA). The focus in this article is to verify the classification of the elements within the periodic table. The reclassification of the semimetals as metals or nonmetals emerges naturally from PCA and agrees with the current SBQ/IUPAC periodic table. Dataset construction, basic preprocessing, loading and score plots, and interpretation have been emphasized. This activity can be carried out even when students with distinct levels of formation are together in the same learning environment.

Distribuição e assinatura isotópica de Pb em sedimentos de fundo da Foz do Rio Guamá e da Baía do Guajará (Belém - Pará)

Lead analyses in bottom sediments from the hydrographic system of Belem (Para) indicated low contents of this metal for the sediments from the Guama river, with no significant anthropogenic contribution. A concentration of 18.1 ± 1.5 mg kg-1 and 206Pb/207Pb isotopic signature of 1.196 ± 0.002 are assigned for Pb from natural sources. On the other hand, the significant increase of Pb contents in the sediments from the Guajará bay, together with the decrease of 206Pb/207Pb ratios (1.172 < 206Pb/207Pb < 1.188) point to an anthropogenic lead contribution, originated by the industrial and urban activities of the city of Belem.

Classificação de biodiesel na região do visível

Classification of biodiesel by oilseed type using pattern recognition techniques is described. The spectra of the samples were performed in the Visible region, requiring noise removal by use of a first derivative by the Savitzky-Golay method, employing a second-order polynomial and a window of 21 points. The characterization of biodiesel was performed using HCA, PCA and SIMCA. For HCA and PCA methods, one can observe the separation of each group of biodiesel in a spectral region of 405-500 nm. SIMCA model was used in a test group composed of 28 spectral measurements and no errors are obtained.

Classificação de resíduos de madeira tratada com preservativos à base de arseniato de cobre cromatado e de boro/flúor

Classification of waste wood treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) and boron/fluorine preservatives, according to NBR 10004, was investigated. The leaching test (ABNT NBR 10005) for As and Cr, and solubilization test (ABNT NBR 10006) for F, were applied to out-of-service wooden poles. Concentrations of As and Cr in leachates were determined by ICP-MS and of F by ESI. Values for As were higher than 1 mg L-1 classifying the waste as hazardous material (Class I) whereas values for F (> 1.5 mg L-1) were non-hazardous but indicated non-inert material (Class IIA).

Caracterização e classificação quanto ao risco ambiental do estéril da mina de cromita do município de Andorinha, Bahia

The mineral waste studied was host rock from a chromite mine located in Andorinha/Bahia, extracted and stockpiled in yards without specific application. Host rock was submitted to chemical analysis, XRD, SEM-EDS, IR and TGA and classified according to ABNT standards for solid waste classification. Analyses confirmed that this host rock, classified as ultrabasic, consists mainly of dolomite, calcite and diopside. Hazard assessment results showed this host rock should be classified as class II B - inert waste, important for its potential application in agriculture as a soil acidity correction agent.

Defesa química: histórico, classificação dos agentes de guerra e ação dos neurotóxicos

Chemical agents are substances used for their toxic effects on humans, animals and plants. The main objective of chemical defense is to develop systems that reduce these effects while minimizing impact on the operational capacity of military troops. In this work, a report on the development of chemical warfare agents since the First World War and their classification is presented. Special attention is given to neurotoxic agents, the most lethal group of chemical agents known to date.

Classificação multivariada de ervas medicinais da Região Amazônica e suas infusões de acordo com sua composição mineral

In this study, the mineral composition of leaves and teas of medicinal plants was evaluated. Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn e Zn were determined in the samples using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Principal component analysis was applied to discriminate the samples studied. The samples were divided within the 2 groups according to their mineral composition. Copper and iron were the variables that contributed most to the separation of the samples followed by Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn. The information in the principal component analysis was confirmed by the dendrogram obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis.

O sistema globalmente harmonizado de classificação e rotulagem de produtos químicos (GHS): uma introdução para sua aplicação em laboratórios de ensino e pesquisa acadêmica

The present article provides an overview of the Globally Harmonised System of Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals (GHS) and its implementation in Brazil. Although Classification and Packaging is beyond the scope of the responsibility of academic chemists, labelling of chemicals used in academic laboratories will be required by the competent authorities to ensure the safety of students and staff. Therefore, academic teachers and researchers responsible should be familiarised with the GHS principles outlined here and at least be able to label, by applying these principles, mixtures of substances previously classified by the competent authorities.

A importância da lei de Gay-Lussac para a classificação dos compostos orgânicos

This article shows the genesis of the law of volumes of combining gases, formulated by Gay-Lussac in 1808, and how it allowed the expression of the composition of organic compounds in terms of whole numbers of volumes, thus leading to the first classification of organic compounds, formulated by Dumas and Boullay in 1828. It was from this work that Organic Chemistry began to shed its purely taxonomic nature, analogous to what prevailed in Natural History, and to then develop in a vigorous and continuous process, initiating what may be the most significant historical phenomenon in the History of Chemistry of the nineteenth century.

Freqüência de Alternaria dauci E Cercospora carotae como agentes da queima das folhas da cenoura em Passo Fundo, RS

A queima das folhas da cenoura (Daucus carota) pode ser causada pelos fungos Alternaria dauci e Cercospora carotae. Com vistas à adoção de um sistema de previsão para a doença, avaliou-se a freqüência de cada patógeno em quatro cultivos de cenoura estabelecidos em Passo Fundo, RS, no período de agosto/98 a dezembro/99. As variáveis analisadas foram a incidência dos fungos em sementes e plântulas, sua freqüência a partir de lesões em folhas e pecíolos e o número de propágulos capturados no ar com coletores de esporos. As incidências dos fungos em sementes de nove cultivares variaram de zero a 5,75% para A. dauci e de zero a 1,25% para C. carotae. Apenas A. dauci foi detectado em plântulas cultivadas em casa-de-vegetação, em percentuais de 3,7 (cultivar Forto) e 17,1% (cultivar Gigante Flakker). O fungo A. dauci esteve presente o ano todo nos cultivos no campo, sendo isolado a partir de 81% das lesões foliares e de 81,9% das em pecíolos. Por outro lado, C. carotae ocorreu de junho a dezembro, com freqüências de 40,4% em folhas e 33,4% em pecíolos. O número de conídios de A. dauci capturados no ar atingiu 207/semana/cm² no início da colheita. Alternaria dauci mostrou-se o principal agente causal da queima das folhas nas condições locais, devendo ser priorizado na adoção de estratégias de controle para a doença.

Quantificação de danos causados pela giberela em cereais de inverno, na safra 2000, em Passo Fundo, RS

Nas últimas safras, epidemias de Giberela, causadas pelo fungo Gibberella zeae, têm sido observadas em todas as regiões de clima quente e úmido aonde os cereais de inverno são cultivados. Com o objetivo de determinar os danos quantitativos causados pela doença em cereais de inverno foi conduzido um experimento em Passo Fundo - RS, utilizando uma cultivar de centeio (Secale cereale), uma cultivar de triticale (Triticum x secale), três cultivares de cevada (Hordeum vulgare) e seis cultivares de trigo (Triticum aestivum). As determinações foram feitas em parcelas experimentais de 75 m², manejadas de acordo com as recomendações técnicas das culturas, sem a aplicação de fungicidas para o controle da Giberela. A metodologia empregada permitiu determinar os danos de maneira semelhante a uma lavoura comercial colhida mecanicamente. No centeio, o dano foi de 43,9% (1537 kg.ha-1), no triticale de 0,1% (5 kg.ha-1), na cevada variou de 3,5 a 14,5%, com média de 8,3% (252 kg.ha-1) e no trigo variou de 4,2 a 25,9%, com média de 17,5% (640 kg.ha-1). Pode-se concluir, em face do montante de danos causados, que medidas de controle desta doença devem ser desenvolvidas a fim de minimizar os danos. Em relação a cevada são necessários mais estudos relacionados com a epidemiologia e com a quantificação de danos.