Estudos sobre a nutrição mineral do cafeeiro: XXXI. influêcia do cobre do substrato no crescimento e composição mineral do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.) variedades Mundo Novo e Catuaí

Foi estudado o efeito do cobre do substrato no crescimento, sintomatologia e composição mineral do cafeeiro novo. Verificou-se ser a var. Mundo Novo mais sensível à toxidez do cobre por translocar maior proporção do elemento que a var. Catuaí. O uso de calcário e de matéria orgânica no solo neutraliza o sobre tóxico.

Nutrição mineral de Andropogon gayanus Kunth var. bisquamulatus (Hochst) Hack. III. nível critico de fósforo

0 capim gambá (Andropogon gayanus Kunthe var. bisquamulatus) é uma espécie promissora para a pecuária brasileira. 0 presente trabalho foi conduzido no sentido de se determinar o nível crítico de fósforo. Em casa de vegetação, procedeu-se à semeadura em vasos contendo quartzo finalmente moído como substrato. As plântulas recebiam por percolação soluções nutritivas carentes em fósforo, acrescidas dos seguintes níveis de fósforo em mg/l: 0,0001; 0,001; 0,007; 0,030; 0,120; 0,480; 1,940; 7,750 e 31,80. Com a idade de 75 dias, as plantas foram coletadas, secas e analisadas para fósforo total. O nível crítico de fósforo correspondente à produção máxima de matéria seca aos 75 dias foi de 0,022%,e o nível externo foi de 0,480 mg de fósforo por litro de solução nutritiva.

Efeitos das adubações de manutenção e de correção na produção de colmos, composição mineral das folhas e características tecnológicas de dois cultivares de sorgo sacarino (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) no brejo paraibano

Duas variedades de sorgo sacarino, Brandes 501 e CMS 616, foram cultivadas num solo resultante de associação entre Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo e Litólico Eutrófico, na presença dos seguintes tratamentos: Testemunha (T), Adubação de Manutenção (Am), Adubacão de Correção (Ac) e Am+Ac: Houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos na produção do 1º corte, o que não ocorreu com a soqueira. A cv. CMS-616 mostrou-se superior à BR-501 nos dois casos, A adubação diminuiu o Brix da cv. BR 501 nas duas colheitas. Foi encontrada correlação positiva e significativa somente entre níveis foliares de P e Ca na var. CMS 616, sendo considerados como adequados os teores 0,33 e 0,29% respectivamente.

Efeito de misturas de bentazon e paraquat nas plantas daninhas e na cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

A presente pesquisa foi conduzida na Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", em Piracicaba, SP, no ano de 1981, com o objetivo de se estudar o comportamento dos herbicidas bentazon e paraquat, aplicados isoladamente ou em misturas, em alguns cultivares de feijão e algumas espécies de plantas daninhas. Para tanto, foram instalados dois experimentos a campo, sendo um "das secas" e outro "das águas" de 1981. Os cultivares de feijão estudados foram Carioca e Moruna. Os tratamentos utilizados foram os seguintes: bentazon a 0,48 e 0,96 kg/ha; paraquat a 0,05 e 0,10 kg/ha e as misturas de tanque com 0,48 + 0,05; 0,96 + 0,10; 0,48 + +0,10 e 0,96 + 0,05 kg/ha de bentazon + paraquat, respectivamente. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais da porcentagem de injúria nos cultivares de feijão e nas espécies de plantas daninhas, sendo utilizada a fórmula de Colby para verificação dos efeitos das misturas. Os resultados mostraram que as misturas exerceram evidente efeito antagonístico nos cultivares ensaiados. Os tratamentos não influíram na produção dos cultivares Carioca e Moruna. Em solos arenosos e com baixa precipitação, o sinergismo das misturas ficou evidenciado na guanxuma (Sida glaziovii K. Sch.) e na beldroega (Portulacca oleracea L.). Em solos argilosos, com precipitação normal, os efeitos sinergísticos foram evidentes no capim-marmelada (Brachiaria plantaginea (Link.) Hitch.), capim-pé-de-galinha (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.) e no apaga-fogo (Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) R. Br.).

Aceitação e preferência de frutos para oviposição em duas populações de Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae)

The influence of four host fruits, orange (Citrus sinensis L.), papaya (Carica papaya L.), mango (Mangifera indica L.) and apple (Malus domestica Borkh) on oviposition behavior of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) was evaluated. Experiments were carried out on two C. capitata laboratory-reared populations: one with artificial diet for 10 years with periodic introduction of wild flies and other reared with artificial diet for 20 years without wild flies introduction. In acceptance experiments two pieces of a single fruit type were exposed to a group of 10 females; after 48 hours, these were changed by two new pieces of the same fruit type, and, in the end of the fourth day, the experiments were concluded. In preference experiments, two pieces of different fruits were offered to the females. These experiments were driven under the same conditions of the acceptance ones. Acceptance and preference experiments for both populations showed the following choice hierarchy: papaya > mango > orange > apple. The acceptance experiments showed no differences in the number of eggs/female/day laid in the first 48 hours and in the last 48 hours of the experiments. The amount of eggs in the two pieces of fruits offered to the females was similar. In spite of the two populations present similar behavior in relation to host hierarchy, the number of laid eggs was different, being larger for the population reared without wild flies introduction.

Distribuição espacial de imaturos de Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) nos brotos e nas folhas de laranjeiras, Citrus sinensis var. Valência, mantidas sob dois sistemas de cultivo

A distribuição de imaturos de Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, 1856 foi avaliada em folhas e em brotos de plantas de Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck var. Valência, no município de Montenegro (29°68'S e 51°46'W), Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A presença de ovos, lagartas e crisálidas (vivas e mortas) foi registrada nas folhas, em relação às superfícies abaxial e adaxial e à porção proximal, mediana e distal destas. As folhas que continham ovos, lagartas e/ou crisálidas foram classificadas e numeradas quanto à posição relativa a partir do ápice do broto e foram tomadas medidas no maior comprimento. Lagartas, crisálidas e ovos de P. citrella evidenciaram padrão de distribuição agregado tanto no nível de brotos quanto no de folhas. O comprimento médio das folhas onde ocorreram as pupas era maior do que aquele onde se encontravam as lagartas. Os ovos foram registrados em maior proporção no terço mediano das folhas, em ambas superfícies, já as lagartas e crisálidas ocorreram com mais freqüência nos terços mediano e proximal das folhas.

Evaluation of the molluscicidal properties of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii (n. e. b.) (Euphorbiaceae) - 1: experimental test in a lentic habitat

The latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii, at concentrations between 5 to 12 mg/l, kills 100% of the population of Biomphalaria glabrata in a lentic habitat, after 24 h. The lyophilized latex, stocked for 18 months, killed only 34.2% of the snails, at the concentration of 5 mg/l, and 96.0% at 12 mg/l. No lethal effect was observed among Pomacea haustrum exposed to the same concentrations of the molluscicide.

A medium for inducing conversion of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum into its yeast-like form

Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that, under special conditions, converts from its more common mycelial form to a yeast-like form. Achieving this conversion, however, has been problematical for researchers. The present study tested conversion rates in ten Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum strains using seven culture media, four of wich were conventional and three novel. One of our novel media, MLGema, induced complete conversion, of two strains within five days of incubation at 35 degrees centigrades, and of all strains that eventually converted by the time of the second subculturing transfer, under defined experimental conditions. MLGema is also inexpensive and easy to produce.

Evaluation of the molluscicidal property of Euphorbia splendens var. Hispolii (N.E.B.) (Euphorbiaceae): 2. Investigation in lotic habitat

The latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hispolii in 12 ppm concentration (12 mg/l) caused 100% mortality for a Biomphalaria tenagophila population in a lotic habitat after 9 hr of dripfeed application. For sentinel snails, in cages placed at the water surface and buried under 0.10 m, the mortality rates varied with the distance from the application point and were: 100% (0 m); 92.6% (50 m) and 94.7% (100). No lethal effects were observed for the other living species in this habitat (Pomacea haustrum and Poecilia reticulata).

The molluscicidal activity of the latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii on Melanoides tuberculata (Thiaridae), a snail associated with habitats of Biomphalaria glabrata (Planorbidae)

The use of the latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii was considered as an effective control method for Biomphalaria glabrata in Sumidouro, Rio de Janeiro. However, the appearance and expansion of the snail Melanoides tuberculata since August 1997, with the concomitant reduction of the population of B. glabrata suggest that competitive exclusion might be taking place. Depending on the susceptibility of the thiarid to the E. splendens toxin, the natural control that is occurring could be interrupted by the employment of the latex if the planorbid were less susceptible to the toxin. The aim of this study is to investigate the molluscicidal activity of the latex on M. tuberculata. We used 420 M. tuberculata, from Sumidouro. Fourteen different latex concentrations were tested using World Health Organization general methodology. Probit analysis was used for LD90 and LD50 determination. The LD50 was 3.57 mg/l and LD90 was 6.22 mg/l. At the highest concentration (10 mg/l) there was no survival. No significant differences among replicas (chi2 = 8.31; gl = 13; p > 0.05) were found. The LD90 dose for M. tuberculata was 13.8 times greater than that for B. glabrata, so that the molluscicide in the presence of the thiarid may have a synergic effect on reduction of Biomphalaria populations.

Molluscicidal action of the latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii N.E.B. ("Christ's Crown") (Euphorbiaceae) against Lymnaea columella (Say, 1817) (Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae), intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758 (Trematode: Fasciolidae): 1- test in laboratory

The latex action of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii (Christ's Crown) against snails Lymnaea columella, intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica, derived from irrigation ditches of the Station of Pisciculture at Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, was studied in the laboratory. Lab bioassays, using aqueous solutions of the latex, varying between 0.1 and 10 mg/l, have proven molluscicidal activity of the product collected on the same day the tests were performed, during the four seasons of the year, finding the following lethal concentrations (LC90): 1.51 mg/l in the spring; 0.55 mg/l in the summer; 0.74 mg/l in the fall and 0.93 mg/l in winter, after 24 h exposure of the snails, showing significant differences among the seasons of the year (ANOVA test, F = 11.01, G.L.= 3/33, p < 0.05), as well as among the concentrations (ANOVA test, F = 27.38, G.L.= 11/33, p < 0.05). In the summer, mortality reached 100% from concentration at 0.6 mg/l, the same during fall and in winter as of 1 mg/l, while in spring it only reached 100% mortality as of 2 mg/l. Mortality in the controls was low, reaching 5% in the summer and winter and 10% in the fall and spring. None of the samples died. During the assay, with an aqueous solution of the latex at a concentration of 5 mg/l, in order to check the time of duration of the product effect, in the laboratory, it was observed that the molluscicidal activity remained stable up to the 15th day after the beginning of the test with 100% mortality of L. columella, gradually losing its effect until the 23rd day, when we no longer observed animal mortality. In the control group, there was a random daily variation in mortality rate ranging 0-50% after 48 h of observation for 30 days.

Activity of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii N.E.B. (Euphorbiaceae) latex against Lymnaea columella (Say, 1817) (Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae), intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica, Linnaeus, 1758 (Trematoda: Fasciolidae). 2: limited field-testing

The molluscicidal evaluation of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii (Crown of thorns) against Lymnaea columella snails, intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica, in irrigation ditches of the Pisciculture Station at Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, was studied under limited field conditions. An aqueous solution of the latex at 5 mg/l was tested in two irrigation ditches (experimental and control ditches), after initial sampling of the snail population present. Twenty-four hours after application of the product, it was verified that 97.4% of free L. columella snails and 100% of snails of the same species captive in cages and used as sentinels at three points equidistant from the application site in the experimental ditch, died. For Biomphalaria tenagophila and Melanoides tuberculata snails, present in the experimental ditch, the mortality was 100%, for the species Pomacea spp. the mortality was 40%. No mortality was verified in the free mollusks, or in the sentinels in the ditch used as control. E. splendens var. hislopii latex is thus an efficient natural molluscicide, which may be used as an alternative control agent against L. columella.

Physiological changes in Biomphalaria glabrata say, 1818 (Pulmonata: Planorbidae) caused by sub-lethal concentrations of the latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii N.E.B (Euphorbiaceae)

Molluscides have been used as one of the strategies to control schistosomiasis. Many plant extracts with molluscidal effects have been tested, but the action of the latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii is considered the most promising because it meets the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). The objective of this study was to determine the lethal dose and identify the effects of the different doses of latex of E. splendens var. hislopii on the physiology of Biomphalaria glabrata submitted to treatment for 24 h. The concentrations of glucose, uric acid and total proteins in the hemolymph and of glycogen in the digestive gland and cephalopodal mass were determined. The LD50 value was 1 mg/l. The highest escape index was found to be at a concentration of 0.6 mg/l. The results showed that the latex of E. splendens var. hislopii caused a sharp reduction in the reserves of glycogen in the digestive gland and elevation of the protein content in the hemolymph of B. glabrata.

Reproductive activity alterations on the Biomphalaria glabrata exposed to Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii latex

The reproductive activity of Biomphalaria glabrata exposed to Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii latex was evaluated. Parameters related to fecundity and fertility were observed. The snails were exposed to the LD50 (1 mg/l) of crude latex. At the first week post exposure (p.e.), the egg laying was reduced. After the fourth week p.e., an increase of the number of eggs/snail occurred. The results showed a marked reduction in the hatching of the snails, revealing an interference of latex exposure with the reproductive process of B. glabrata of E. splendens var. hislopii. The LD50 of the latex may be used as an alternative method to control the size of the populations of B. glabrata in field.

Dynamics of the control of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera, Culicidae) by Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis, related with temperature, density and concentration of insecticide

The dynamics of the control of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti Linnaeus, (Diptera, Culicidae) by Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis has been related with the temperature, density and concentration of the insecticide. A mathematical model for biological control of Aedes aegypti with Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (Bti) was constructed by using data from the literature regarding the biology of the vector. The life cycle was described by differential equations. Lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC95) of Bti were determined in the laboratory under different experimental conditions. Temperature, colony, larvae density and bioinsecticide concentration presented marked differences in the analysis of the whole set of variables; although when analyzed individually, only the temperature and concentration showed changes. The simulations indicated an inverse relationship between temperature and mosquito population, nonetheless, faster growth of populations is reached at higher temperatures. As conclusion, the model suggests the use of integrated control strategies for immature and adult mosquitoes in order to achieve a reduction of Aedes aegypti.