192 resultados para Arroio do Sal (RS)


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A duração do período de molhamento foliar (DPM) é um importante parâmetro para a determinação do risco de doenças da macieira, especialmente a sarna, principal doença da cultura. O clima regional e as características de implantação e manejo de pomares são fatores determinantes da ocorrência do molhamento foliar. Em função do microclima do dossel, é necessário conhecer a posição com maior DPM, para dar suporte a modelos de previsão de doenças. Poucos trabalhos avaliaram a DPM em pomares de macieira, sendo que inexistem estudos nas condições de cultivo do Sul do Brasil, em particular na região produtora de Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul. Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar a variação espacial da DPM em dosséis de macieiras em céu aberto e sob tela antigranizo, na região de Vacaria. O experimento foi desenvolvido em pomares de macieiras 'Royal Gala', conduzidos em líder central com apoio (espaçamento de 1m x 3m), sendo um coberto por tela antigranizo e o outro em céu aberto. A DPM foi monitorada nos estratos superior, médio e inferior dos dosséis de macieira. A duração do molhamento foliar foi superior no estrato inferior do dossel, tanto em céu aberto quanto sob tela antigranizo. Houve tendência de mais alta DPM no pomar coberto para todos os estratos do dossel, com diferença significativa entre ambientes nos estratos superior e médio. Os valores de DPM foram mais similares entre os estratos no dossel coberto por tela antigranizo do que no dossel a céu aberto.

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As macieiras necessitam de um período de acumulação de frio para a quebra da dormência das gemas. Neste estudo, as unidades de frioforam quantificadas por diferentes métodos de cálculo para a região de Vacaria-RS, Brasil, a fim de compará-las com as necessidades de macieiras ‘Gala’ e ‘Fuji’. As unidades de frio foram calculadas para o período de2000/2009, através dos seguintes métodos: Horas de Frio Ponderadas, Utah, Carolina do Norte, Utah Modificado e Carolina do Norte Modificado. Na região estudada, o número de unidades de frio apresenta altavariabilidade entre os anos, independentemente dos métodos de cálculo. Mesmo em anos com alta disponibilidade de horas de frio, o número de unidades de frio necessárias para a quebra de dormência em macieiras ‘Gala’ e ‘Fuji’ não é alcançado, naturalmente. Maio, junho e julho é o principal trimestre para acumular unidades de frio, durante o período de dormência de gemas de macieira.

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A Agricultura de Precisão (AP) permite a utilização de diferentes ferramentas na obtenção de informações, e estas otimizam a tomada de decisão por parte do produtor, impactando positivamente na receita final. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar o comportamento das variáveis produção (PROD), volume de copa (VC) e diâmetro de caule (DC) da variedade Maxi Gala com a utilização da técnica da cokrigagem. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área de 0,90 hectare de produção comercial da variedade Maxi Gala, na Fazenda São Paulino, da empresa RASIP, em Vacaria-RS, apresentando como coordenadas geográficas 28º31’17” de latitude sul e 50º49’17” de longitude oeste, durante as safras de 2010/2011 e 2011/2012. Coletaram-se 75 amostras para cada variável, em uma malha de 12 m na entrelinha e 10 m na linha. As variáveis avaliadas foram produção por planta , volume de copa e diâmetro de caule. Foram feitas a análise estatística descritiva dos dados e a análise espacial através dos semivariogramas. De posse dos modelos ajustados, realizou-se a interpolação pelo método da krigagem. Após, foi realizada a correlação simples dos parâmetros e elaborado os semivariogramas cruzados para interpolação, pela técnica da cokrigagem. Os parâmetros PROD versus DCapresentaram média correlação na variedade Maxi Gala, na safra de 2011. Nas safras de 2011 e 2012, os parâmetros VC versus DC também apresentaram média correlação. A técnica da cokrigagem pode ser uma ferramenta daAP a ser utilizada pela cultura da macieira no levantamento de informações.Verificou-se que houve resposta e redução na coleta de amostras das variáveis mais difíceis; na safra de 2011, reduziu-se a coleta de 15 amostras da PROD, e na safra de 2012, reduziu-se a coleta de 20 amostras do VC.

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The current article presents the first data on physical-chemical parameters of wet precipitation collected at single collection point in the city of Rio Grande, during the period of 12 months in 1997-1998. The employed technique of rainwater separation into several portions made clear the process of the atmosphere self-purification during a precipitation event. The pH of rainwater depends on the extent of industrial emissions and increases during a precipitation event. The first portion of rainwater shows an obvious neutralizing effect of soil and ocean-derived components, whose intensity depends on the duration of the preceding dry period.

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Fluoride concentration was determined in rainwater, ground water and soil in the zone of fertilizer industry in the city of Rio Grande. In contaminated rainwater fluorine concentration was registered up to the value of 4,4 mg.L-1. Fluorine concentration in the shallow ground water in general reflects its distribution in the atmosphere, but cannot be used as marker of atmosphere contamination in the urban area due to dissolving influence of residential effluents. The 0,01% HCl extracts from the set of surface soil samples demonstrates fluoride distribution in the zone of influence of industrial emissions, which coincides to the numerical simulation of fluorides dispersion in the air.

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The identification and characterization of the hydrochemistry of the groundwaters has been done for seven wells. The sampling occurred during three bimonthly campaigns. The results classified the waters as of the calcium bicarbonated type for the majority of the samples, except for one well, whose composition is of the sodium bicarbonated type. The major ions found and how they determine the quality parameters are consistent with the reactions of mineral dissolution of the majority of volcanic rocks and the reactions with intrusion of alkaline rock in only one well. Anomalous values of nitrate in some wells alert to the impact of especially polluting sources at the time the reservoirs of the hydroeletric plant were formed.

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The alteration in the quality of groundwater in the industrial zone of Brazil's southernmost state was assessed by a hydrogeochemical study. In 70-85% of the studied area, fluoride, nitrate and phosphate in groundwater surpass the maximum limits for human consumption according to Brazilian environmental legislation. The chemical spectrum of contaminants and their spatial distribution show that fertilizer production processes are responsible for groundwater pollution. The natural conditions of the region are not favorable for minimal protection against infiltration of pollutants into the aquifer.

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The hydrated sodium salt of EDTA, Na2H2Y·2H2O, cannot be used as a primary standard for titrations due to uncertainties in the water content. An alkalimetric titration of the homogenized solid in the presence of a small excess of BaCl2·2H2O allows one to titrate quantitatively the released two hydrogen cations with end-point indication by phenolphthalein or potentiometry. This leads one to calculate the average molar mass of the reagent and its water content, allowing to use it to prepare EDTA standard solutions. One titrated sample led to the formula Na2H2Y·1.876 H2O, and 370.01 g.mol-1 for the average molar mass.

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Pesticides can be quite useful in agricultural production, however, some pesticides after application can reach and contaminate the hydric resource. Pesticide monitoring must be careful because it is expensive and lengthy. Thus, in this work, a theoretical prediction was made using the approaches suggested by EPA-USA, the Groundwater Ubiquity Score index (GUS) and the Goss method associated with physicochemical properties of 27 pesticides used in a region in the south of Brazil. The results of this work led to the identification of the pesticides that should be prioritized in the environmental monitoring due to their high potential for contaminating water resources.

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Mixed-micelle formation between sodium chlolate (NaC) and the anionic surfactant sodium dodecanoate (SDoD) in Tris-HCl buffer solutions, pH 9.00, varying the molar fraction of the surfactants, was investigated by means of electrical conductivity and steady-state fluorescence of pyrene. The critical micelar concentration (cmc) was measured from the equivalent conductance versus the square root of the molar surfactant concentration plots and the regular solution theory (RST) was used to predict the mixing behavior. The I1/I3 pyrene ratio-surfactant concentration plots were used as an additional technique to follow the behavior and the changes in the micropolarity of the mixed micelles.

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Viscosity of some polysaccharide solutions supports that these molecules can be applied in food sectors. Four exopolysaccharides (R1, R2, R3, R4) produced by different Rhizobium strains were selected. Sugar composition and differences in the uronic acid contents suggests that chemical structure of these molecules can vary when different culture conditions and strains are analyzed. The Power Law was the rheological model used to represent the experimental data of shear stress versus shear rate. All exopolysaccharides showed non-Newtonian behavior, with pseudoplastic characteristics. R1, R2 and R4 showed a slight increase in viscosity in the presence of 0,2 M NaCl.

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The present work aimed modify chemically the chitosan (QTS) surface to obtain a reticulate chitosan quaternary ammonium salt (SAQQR), and compare this anionic exchanger with an commercial ion exchanger in the extraction of available phosphorus in soils. The results showed that the two exchangers are identical, extracting similar and proportional quantities of available phosphorus in the studied soils, and the anionic exchanger of SAQQR provides a high chemical stability, not affected by the pH difference of soils.

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This paper evaluates the adsorption capacity of zirconocene-based silica materials in the pre-concentration of antimicrobians (tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim) in aqueous medium. These materials were prepared by grafting the zirconocene onto silicas pre-treated at different temperatures. The retention capacity of these materials was evaluated by off line SPE and HPLC-UV and the proposed methodology was validated in ultrapure, tap and river water. The recovery for tetracycline was 72% (in the solid phase A) and, for sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim was 68 and 95% in the commercial C18, respectively. The target antimicrobians were not detected in the Arroio Dilúvio (Porto Alegre - RS).

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Quaternary ammonium salts are the corrosion inhibitors most frequently used by the oil industry. In this study, the ultraviolet fluorescence technique was evaluated for the analysis of a quaternary ammonium salt in water as a corrosion inhibitor. The comparison with standard salt showed that an alkyl aryl quaternary ammonium salt is the main fluorophore, with emission maxima at 306 and 593 nm. The best instrumental parameters were: width of excitation and emission slits of 10 and 15 nm, respectively, and scan rate of 10 nm min-1. The presence of aromatic compounds and biocides affects the analysis of corrosion inhibitors.