Caracterización morfológica de cuarenta y seis accesiones de uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.), en Antioquia (Colombia)

La uchuva, Physalis peruviana L., crece como planta silvestre en las zonas tropicales altas de América, estando el centro de origen y diversificación en los Andes Suramericanos, principalmente de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. Se realizó la caracterización morfológica de 46 accesiones de uchuva provenientes del Banco de Germoplasma de la nación Colombiana, a cargo de La Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuarias, CORPOICA, en el Centro de Investigación La Selva, ubicado en la vereda Llanogrande del municipio de Rionegro (Antioquia, Colombia). Los genotipos de uchuva se sembraron utilizando un diseño látice siete por siete simple desbalanceado duplicado. Las accesiones se ubicaron en parcelas constituidas por cinco plantas, de las cuales se evaluaron las tres plantas centrales de las dos replicaciones y cinco estructuras por planta. Se empleó un listado de 69 descriptores, 40 de ellos cualitativos y 29 cuantitativos, 56 de los cuales (81,16%) fueron útiles en la diferenciación de las accesiones. Para las variables cualitativas se estimaron los coeficientes de disimilaridad de Gower, que fluctuaron desde 0 a 0,20; y para las variables cuantitativas se estimaron los valores de distancia Euclediana, que fluctuaron entre 0,25 y 1,22.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICA E QUÍMICA DE FRUTOS DE MARACUJAZEIRO-AMARELO ENXERTADO EM ESPÉCIES SILVESTRES DO GÊNERO PASSIFLORA CULTIVADO EM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO

RESUMO O mercado de frutas frescas do maracujá-amarelo valoriza as qualidades interna e externa dos frutos. O uso de espécies silvestres como porta-enxertos tem sido preconizado como possível medida de controle de doenças. São escassas as informações sobre o efeito de espécies silvestres do gênero Passiflora como porta-enxertos sobre as características físicas e químicas em frutos de maracujazeiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a influência de duas espécies de passifloráceas silvestres P. mucronata Lam e P. gibertii N.E. Brow como porta-enxertos sobre as características físicas e químicas dos frutos do maracujazeiro-amarelo em ambiente protegido. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e 25 repetições, consistindo em 100 parcelas. Cada parcela foi representada por uma planta conduzida em vaso de 30 L. Os porta-enxertos avaliados foram: Passiflora edulis Sims, Passiflora gibertii N.E. Brow e Passiflora mucronata Lam. Comotratamento-testemunha, foram utilizadas plantas de P. edulis Sims provenientes de sementes. Avaliaram-se a massa fresca do fruto (MF), a massa fresca da casca (MC), a massa fresca da polpa (MP), o diâmetro do fruto (DF), o comprimento longitudinal do fruto (CF), a espessura da casca dos frutos (EC), a coloração do suco e da casca dos frutos, o teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), a acidez titulável (AT), a relação SS/AT, a relação MP/MF e o teor de vitamina C (ácido ascórbico). As plantas enxertadas sobre espécies silvestres produziram frutos mais alongados que as plantas provenientes de sementes, porém dentro dos padrões de comercialização.

Simulação do equilíbrio: o método de Monte Carlo

We make several simulations using the Monte Carlo method in order to obtain the chemical equilibrium for several first-order reactions and one second-order reaction. We study several direct, reverse and consecutive reactions. These simulations show the fluctuations and relaxation time and help to understand the solution of the corresponding differential equations of chemical kinetics. This work was done in an undergraduate physical chemistry course at UNIFIEO.

Electrooxidación de glifosato sobre electrodos de níquel y cobre

The electrochemical oxidation of glyphosate on an electrode of nickel and on one of copper was studied. With both electrodes electrochemical signals related to the glyphosate concentration were observed. However, the behaviour of the copper electrode was much better than that of the nickel electrode. A calibration curve was obtained of the electrical signal of this electrode as a function of the glyphosate concentration. The detection limit was 30 µM. In the case of nickel, an increase in the oxidation signal, which is related to the glyphosate concentration, was obtained. However, the results were less reproducible and additional information is necessary to propose an interaction mechanism between glyphosate and the electrode.

Entalpía de disolución de sulfacetamida sódica en agua: comparación entre la calorimetría isoperibólica de solución y el método de van't Hoff

The dissolution enthalpy (ΔH0soln) of sodium sulfacetamide in water was determined by means of isoperibolic solution calorimetry. It was found that ΔH0soln diminishes as the drug concentration increases. Otherwise, the calorimetric values obtained as a function of the drug concentration were significantly different than those predicted by the van't Hoff method. It was demonstrated that the later is not a fully reliable method for the determination of ΔH0soln values in the specific case of highly soluble sodium salts. The observed phenomenon could be explained by the presence of strong solute-solute interactions at high salt concentrations, in addition to solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions.

Estudio químico y evaluación de la actividad antifouling del octocoral caribeño Eunicea laciniata

The bioassay guided purification of the octocoral Eunicea laciniata organic extract, collected at Santa Marta bay, Colombia, allowed the isolation of the new compound (-)-3β-pregna-5,20-dienyl-β-D-arabinopyranoside (1), along with the known compounds 1(S*),11(R*)-dolabell-3(E),7(E),12(18)-triene (2), 13-keto-1(S),11(R)-dolabell-3(E ),7(E),12(18)-triene (3), cholest- 5,22-dien-3β-ol (4), cholesterol (5), y brassicasterol (6). The structure and absolute configuration of 1 was determined on based spectroscopic analyses (NMR and CD). The extract showed antifouling activity against five strains of marine bacteria associated to heavy fouled surfaces. Also showed activity against the cypris of the cosmopolitan barnacle Balanus amphitrite, and low toxicity in Artemia salina test.

Desenvolvimento, caracterização e aplicação eletroanalítica de um compósito fluido de adesivo epóxi, grafite e ciclo-hexanona

A fluid conducting composite material prepared from graphite powder, commercial epoxy resin Araldite®, and cyclohexanone has been developed. The composition was optimized considering the mechanical properties as conductivity and adhesiveness using response surface methodology. This work employed cyclic voltammetry and amperometry to investigate the characteristics of such composite electrodes without and with the insertion of Prussian blue in the electrode body (bulk modified electrode). The composite electrodes were also successfully used for the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide at 0.0V vs Ag/AgCl.

Determinação de peróxido de hidrogênio em antisséptico bucal usando um microdispositivo contendo partículas de Azul da Prússia

A simple flow-injection amperometric procedure using a three-electrode-integrated sensor for the determination of H2O2 in antiseptic mouthwash is reported. This method involves the use of a working composite electrode modified with Prussian Blue (PB) particles that was easily adapted as detector in FIA. The best amperometric response was observed for a composite containing 30% of graphite modified with PB particles (GAP) and 70% of pure graphite (GR). The proposed method presents a linear response in the range of 10 to 200 μmol L-1. The detection and quantification limits were 0.8 and 2.6 μmol L-1, respectively.

Copper electrodeposition on glassy carbon and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite substrates from perchlorate solutions

In present work, we analyzed the copper electrodeposition onto GCE (System I) and HOPGE (System II) from perchlorate solutions. The current density transients obtained from system I and II were well described through a kinetic mechanism that involves four different contributions: (a) a Langmuir type adsorption process, b) an electron transfer from Cu2+→Cu+, (c) a 3D nucleation limited by a mass transfer reaction and (d) a proton reduction process. It was observed that the values of the nucleation rate, the number of active nucleation sites were increased with the overpotential and they are bigger onto GCE in comparison with HOPGE.

Antiparasitic bromotyrosine derivatives from the Caribbean marine sponge Aiolochroia crassa

Six bromotyrosine-derived compounds were isolated from the Caribbean marine sponge Aiolochroia crassa: 3-bromo-5-hydroxy-O-methyltyrosine (1), 3-bromo-N,N,N-trimethyltyrosinium (2), 3-bromo-N,N,N,O-tetramethyltyrosinium (3), 3,5-dibromo-N,N,N-trimethyltyrosinium (4), 3,5-dibromo-N,N,N,O-tetramethyltyrosinium (5), and aeroplysinin-1 (6). Structural determination was performed using NMR, MS and comparison with literature data. All isolated compounds were screened for their in vitro activity against Leishmania panamensis, Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma cruzi. Compound 4 showed selective antiparasitic activity against Leishmania and Plasmodium parasites. This is the first report of compounds 1, 4 and 5 in the sponge A. crassa and the first biological activity reports for compounds 2-4. This work shows that bromotyrosines are potential antiparasitic agents.

Sintonização de estados quânticos: um estudo numérico do oscilador harmônico quântico

The quantum harmonic oscillator is described by the Hermite equation.¹ The asymptotic solution is predominantly used to obtain its analytical solutions. Wave functions (solutions) are quadratically integrable if taken as the product of the convergent asymptotic solution (Gaussian function) and Hermite polynomial,¹ whose degree provides the associated quantum number. Solving it numerically, quantization is observed when a control real variable is "tuned" to integer values. This can be interpreted by graphical reading of Y(x) and |Y(x)|², without other mathematical analysis, and prove useful for teaching fundamentals of quantum chemistry to undergraduates.

Probing the (empirical) quantum structure embedded in the periodic table with an effective Bohr model

The atomic shell structure can be observed by inspecting the experimental periodic properties of the Periodic Table. The (quantum) shell structure emerges from these properties and in this way quantum mechanics can be explicitly shown considering the (semi-)quantitative periodic properties. These periodic properties can be obtained with a simple effective Bohr model. An effective Bohr model with an effective quantum defect (u) was considered as a probe in order to show the quantum structure embedded in the Periodic Table. u(Z) shows a quasi-smoothed dependence of Z, i.e., u(Z) ≈ Z2/5 - 1.

Determinação rápida de hidroquinona usando análise por injeção em batelada (BIA) com detecção amperométrica

A fast analytical method for determination of hydroquinone in pharmaceutical formulations employing batch injection analysis (BIA) with amperometric detection using a boron-doped diamond electrode is described. The supporting electrolyte was a 0.1 mol L-1 H2SO4 solution (the single reagent used for analysis). The method showed good repeatability (RSD of 0.45%, n=20), wide linear range (from 10 to 2000 µmol L-1, R=0.9999), low detection limit (0.016 µmol L-1) and satisfactory recovery values (91-96%). Accuracy of the method was evaluated by comparative analyses using high-performance liquid-chromatography. The ability to replace the electronic pipette by disposable syringes (injection procedure) in BIA systems was also shown.

Registrador portátil de odorantes basado en la modulación de temperatura de un sensor mos comercial

A simple, portable and low-cost system for odor detection was developed using a single MOS commercial sensor and a microcontroller. The temperature modulation technique was implemented applying a DC signal pulse to the sensor heater by a bipolar transistor. Two odorant profiles, ethanol and acetic acid vapors, were obtained and distinguished based on their amplitude versus time responses. Response for acetic acid was not reported by the sensor manufacturer. An ethanol vapor calibration curve was also obtained. Experimental data showed a potential behavior according to the theoretical equation of the MOS sensors. Values of logK=0.457 and α=-0.213 for a 95% confidence level were obtained.