Ultra-estrutura de glândulas abdominais tegumentares em Oxaea flavescens (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae, Oxaeinae)

The sternal glands of the abdomen of Oxaea flavescens (Klug, 1807) consist of class III glandular cells around a reservoir constituted by branched folds of the intersegmental membrane of segments III, IV and V. The gland cells are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and produce a secretion with mucous aspect. The treatment with oxidated osmium and ruthenium red showed numerous Golgi regions in the cell and carbohydrates absorption from the haemolymph, respectively. The high degree of development of the glands suggests an important function to the species, although still unknown.

Comportamento de abelhas visitantes florais de Lecythis lurida (Lecythidaceae) no norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro

Este estudo descreve e analisa o comportamento dos visitantes florais de L. lurida em fragmentos de mata de tabuleiro. Esta espécie monóica floresceu de outubro a janeiro. As flores abriram-se entre 5h30 e 10h00 e a antese floral não ultrapassou um dia. Durante amostragens padronizadas foram coletadas 172 abelhas visitantes florais, pertencentes a 10 gêneros e 18 espécies. As maiores freqüências foram de Epicharis flava (42,3%), Xylocopa frontalis (16,3%) e Eufriesea surinamensis (11,6%), com atividade principalmente de 7h00 às 11h00. Abelhas Centridini, Euglossina e Xylocopini buscam néctar nas flores e foram considerados polinizadores efetivos. Megachile coleta pólen e também é potencial polinizador. Oxaea flavescens atuou como pilhador de néctar, perfurando o capuz da flor. Experimentos de polinização indicaram ausência de autopolinização espontânea e baixa taxa de frutificação (0,48%) sob condições naturais. Como observado para outras espécies zigomórficas de Lecythidaceae, a complexa morfologia floral restringe os visitantes a abelhas de grande porte ou abelhas robustas que conseguem entrar pelo capuz floral. Entretanto, Centridini foi principal grupo de polinizadores de L.lurida, o que difere dos polinizadores indicados em outros trabalhos sobre Lecythis e outros gêneros de Lecythidaceae na região amazônica.

Biologia floral e reprodução de Solanum paniculatum L. (Solanaceae) no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Estudos de biologia floral e dos animais visitantes, em anos diferentes, foram feitos em duas populações (Brotas e Campinas) de jurubeba, um arbusto invasor neotropical. As flores, do tipo aberto, têm odor muito suave. Pétalas de côr violeta-pálido, contrastando com as anteras amarelas, formam um conjunto visualmente atrativo. O pólen é a única recompensa para os visitantes. A espécie é alógama. Uma média de 19% das flores em ambas as populações apresentaram estilete curto e somente flores de estilete longo formaram frutos, indicando a existência de andromonoicia funcional. As taxas de frutificação em condições naturais diferiram entre Brotas (43%) e Campinas (17%). A frutificação por polinização manual foi de 46% em Brotas e nula em Campinas, provavelmente devido a um longo período de seca. A regularidade da microsporogênese e a alta taxa de viabilidade dos grãos de pólen mostraram a normalidade do processo de reprodução sexuada. Anteras poricidas e outras características florais de S. paniculatum estão associadas à síndrome da polinização vibrátil, que requer abelhas especializadas para a retirada de pólen. Os principais polinizadores foram Oxaea flavescens, Bombus morio, e Xylocopa frontalis na população de Campinas e Augochloropsis sp 1 e Augochloropsis sp 2 na de Brotas.

Biologia reprodutiva e polinização de Senna sylvestris (Vell.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae)

A biologia reprodutiva de Senna sylvestris foi estudada na Estação Ecológica do Panga (EEP), Uberlândia-MG e no distrito de Macaúbas, Patrocínio-MG. S. sylvestris é um arbusto com altura máxima de 5m e período de floração entre Janeiro e Abril. As flores são hermafroditas, zigomorfas, com corola de cor amarelo intenso, dispostas em inflorescências do tipo panícula. O estigma é do tipo úmido não papiloso e crateriforme, possuindo pêlos ao seu redor. As anteras são poricidas e o androceu é heterântero, com três estaminódios, quatro estames menores na porção superior da flor, dois estames maiores na porção inferior e entre eles um estame central com antera mais delgada. S. sylvestris é auto-estéril e não agamospérmica, com auto-esterilidade envolvendo fenômenos de ação tardia. Tubos polínicos de autopolinizações e polinizações cruzadas crescem e penetram os óvulos, mas frutos e sementes só se desenvolvem após polinizações cruzadas com anteras grandes. Os estames menores e o central de antera mais delgada, produzem pólen inviável. Estes estames servem apenas como pontos de fixação durante as visitas das abelhas. O pólen das anteras pequenas pode formar tubos polínicos, mas nenhum fruto resultou das polinizações com este tipo de pólen. Os principais visitantes e polinizadores são abelhas grandes Xylocopa brasilianorum, Oxaea flavescens, Bombus morio e espécies do gênero Centris que coletam pólen por vibração das anteras. Foram observadas diferenças na riqueza de espécies de abelhas entre as áreas e entre os anos de estudo. Menor número de polinizadores em Macaúbas pode ser explicado pelo maior grau de perturbação da vegetação. Entretanto diferenças na riqueza e no número de polinizadores não parecem explicar a produção natural de frutos, que foi baixa nas espécies estudadas.

Microsatellite instability in solitary and sporadic gastric cancer

Recently, the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) has been reported in gastric cancer and associated with older age of presentation, distal tumor location, early disease staging, and better overall prognosis. Different characteristics in presentation and in tumor behavior may be explained by different genetic alterations during carcinogenesis of gastric cancer. Identification of specific genetic pathways in gastric cancer may have direct impact on prognosis and selection of treatment strategies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All 24 patients were treated by radical surgery. Fragments of normal and tumor tissues were extracted from the specimen and stored at -80ºC before DNA purification and extraction. PCR amplification utilizing microsatellite markers was performed. Tumors presenting PCR products of abnormal sizes were considered positive for microsatellite instability (MSI+). RESULTS: Five patients (21%) had tumors that were MSI+ in at least 1 marker. In the group of patients with Lauren's intestinal-type gastric carcinoma, 3 had tumors that were MSI+ (23%), while in the group of diffuse-type gastric cancer, 2 patients had tumors that were MSI+ (19%). The mean age of presentation and the male:female ratio was similar in both groups. Tumors that were MSI+ were more frequently located in proximal portion of the stomach compared to microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors (40% vs. 16%). Although there was a trend of patients with MSI+ tumors towards a proximal gastric tumor location, early staging, and negative lymph node metastasis, there was no statistical significance compared to those with MSS tumors (P >.1). Comparison of overall and disease-free survival between gastric tumors that were MSI+ and those that were MSS found no statistically significant differences (P >.1). CONCLUSIONS: Microsatellite instability is a frequent event in gastric carcinogenesis and shows a trend towards distinct clinical and pathological characteristics of gastric cancer.

The diet of the South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens) at Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina, during the winter-spring period

The South American sea lion, Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800) population is steadily expanding along the Patagonian coast of Argentina in the last decades. However, little is known about the feeding ecology of the species in the area. The aim of this study was to analyze the food habits of O. flavescens from 91 scats collected at Río Negro province, during the winter and spring of 2005. Fish occurred in 96% of scats containing prey remains, followed by cephalopods (26%). Raneya brasiliensis (Kaup, 1856) was the most frequent and abundant species occurring in 58.6% of samples and constituting almost 50% of fish predated. Second in importance were Porichthys porosissimus (Cuvier, 1829) and Cynoscion guatucupa (Cuvier, 1830) in terms of occurrence (%FO 20.7) and numbers (29.6%) respectively. The squid Loligo gahi (d'Orbigny, 1835) was the most frequent cephalopod prey (42.1%), whereas Octopus tehuelchus (d'Orbigny, 1834) was the most abundant (77%). The higher amount and diversity of prey found in the spring in comparison with the winter season might be related to a higher feeding activity of seals or to a seasonal increase in food availability in the area.

Uma espécie nova de Oxaea Klug (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Andreninae) do Espírito Santo, Brasil e notas complementares

É descrita e ilustrada Oxaea sooretama sp. nov. e, pela primeira vez, são dadas a conhecer as fêmeas de O. alvarengai Moure & Urban, 1963 e de O. schwarzi Moure & Seabra, 1962. São apresentadas novas ocorrências e uma chave para as espécies de Oxaea com tergos enegrecidos.

Effects of female diet and age on offspring sex ratio of the solitary parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae)

Effects of female diet and age on offspring sex ratio of the solitary parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae). Theories predict that females of parasitoid wasps would adjust the offspring sex ratio to environmental conditions in the oviposition patch, but the diet and age of females would also affect the sex ratio adjustment. Our focus was to test the effects of female diet and age on offspring sex ratio of the solitary parasitoid wasp, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani, 1875). Our results showed that females fed with honey had significantly less female biased offspring sex ratio than those fed only with water. Offspring sex ratio (male percentage) decreased with female age or female longevity at the beginning of oviposition but increased at the end. There should be a sperm limitation in P. vindemmiae females at the end of oviposition, and a higher frequency of unfertilized eggs were laid then. Females also laid more unfertilized eggs at the beginning of oviposition, which would be necessary to insure the mating among offspring. Male offspring developed faster and emerged earlier, which would also reduce the risk of virginity in offspring with female-biased sex ratio.

Solitary pulmonary nodule and 18F-FDG PET/CT. Part 1: epidemiology, morphological evaluation and cancer probability

Abstract Solitary pulmonary nodule corresponds to a common radiographic finding, which is frequently detected incidentally. The investigation of this entity remains complex, since characteristics of benign and malignant processes overlap in the differential diagnosis. Currently, many strategies are available to evaluate solitary pulmonary nodules with the main objective of characterizing benign lesions as best as possible, while avoiding to expose patients to the risks inherent to invasive methods, besides correctly detecting cases of lung cancer so as the potential curative treatment is not delayed. This first part of the study focuses on the epidemiology, the morfological evaluation and the methods to determine the likelihood of cancer in cases of indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodule.

Solitary pulmonary nodule and 18F-FDG PET/CT. Part 2: accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and current recommendations

Abstract A solitary pulmonary nodule is a common, often incidental, radiographic finding. The investigation and differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules remain complex, because there are overlaps between the characteristics of benign and malignant processes. There are currently many strategies for evaluating solitary pulmonary nodules. The main objective is to identify benign lesions, in order to avoid exposing patients to the risks of invasive methods, and to detect cases of lung cancer accurately, in order to avoid delaying potentially curative treatment. The focus of this study was to review the evaluation of solitary pulmonary nodules, to discuss the current role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography, addressing its accuracy and cost-effectiveness, and to detail the current recommendations for the examination in this scenario.

Lesions of the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract increase isoproterenol-induced water intake

The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is the primary site of the cardiovascular afferent information about arterial blood pressure and volume. The NTS projects to areas in the central nervous system involved in cardiovascular regulation and hydroelectrolyte balance, such as the anteroventral third ventricle region and the lateral parabrachial nucleus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of electrolytic lesion of the commissural NTS on water and 0.3 M NaCl intake and the cardiovascular responses to subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol. Male Holtzman rats weighing 280 to 320 g were submitted to sham lesion or electrolytic lesion of the commissural NTS (N = 6-15/group). The sham-lesioned rats had the electrode placed along the same coordinates, except that no current was passed. Water intake induced by subcutaneous isoproterenol (30 µg/kg body weight) significantly increased in chronic (15 days) commissural NTS-lesioned rats (to 2.4 ± 0.2 vs sham: 1.9 ± 0.2 mL 100 g body weight-1 60 min-1). Isoproterenol did not induce any sodium intake in sham or in commissural NTS-lesioned rats. The isoproterenol-induced hypotension (sham: -27 ± 4 vs commissural NTS-lesioned rats: -22 ± 4 mmHg/20 min) and tachycardia (sham: 168 ± 10 vs commissural NTS: 144 ± 24 bpm/20 min) were not different between groups. The present results suggest that the commissural NTS is part of an inhibitory neural pathway involved in the control of water intake induced by subcutaneous isoproterenol, and that the overdrinking observed in lesioned rats is not the result of a cardiovascular imbalance in these animals.

Mitochondrial control region haplotypes of the South American sea lion Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800)

The South American sea lion, Otaria flavescens, is widely distributed along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of South America. However, along the Brazilian coast, there are only two nonbreeding sites for the species (Refúgio de Vida Silvestre da Ilha dos Lobos and Refúgio de Vida Silvestre do Molhe Leste da Barra do Rio Grande), both in Southern Brazil. In this region, the species is continuously under the effect of anthropic activities, mainly those related to environmental contamination with organic and inorganic chemicals and fishery interactions. This paper reports, for the first time, the genetic diversity of O. flavescens found along the Southern Brazilian coast. A 287-bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region (D-loop) was analyzed. Seven novel haplotypes were found in 56 individuals (OFA1-OFA7), with OFA1 being the most frequent (47.54%). Nucleotide diversity was moderate (π = 0.62%) and haplotype diversity was relatively low (67%). Furthermore, the median joining network analysis indicated that Brazilian haplotypes formed a reciprocal monophyletic clade when compared to the haplotypes from the Peruvian population on the Pacific coast. These two populations do not share haplotypes and may have become isolated some time back. Further genetic studies covering the entire species distribution are necessary to better understand the biological implications of the results reported here for the management and conservation of South American sea lions.