Primary Health Care from the perception of women living in a rural area

AbstractOBJECTIVEUnderstanding the perception of women living in a rural area about the actions and services of Primary Health Care (PHC) in a municipality of southern Brazil, which is the only one regarded as predominantly rural.METHODA descriptive study of qualitative approach, carried out with women who lived in the countryside and required health services in the 15 days prior to collection.RESULTSThe results registered low fidelity to PHC attributes, focusing its functional axis on sickness, transforming the unit into small points of emergency care and a bureaucratic place where patients are referred to other types of services. The quality of service offered is compromised to offering quick, fragmented and unequal treatment in the rural context.CONCLUSIONThe findings of this study highlight the need for greater efforts in order to adequate the new care model in the development of appropriate actions as designated by PHC in the rural context studied.

A nova lei de falências brasileira: primeiros impactos

The goal of this paper is to analyze the premiere effects of the New Brazilian Bankruptcy Law, measuring its impact over the amount of bankruptcies and judicial reorganizations, and the firms' access to credit. Making use of econometric models we find that the amount of bankruptcies (requested and decreed) suffered a strong and immediate impact, reducing it in a significant way as well as the requirement of judicial reorganizations. Finally, using sectorial aggregated credit data, we find an expansion of the credit market, mainly to commercial, rural and services sectors. Additionally we did not evidence changes at the average interest rate charged to firms.

Accessibility to and utilisation of schistosomiasis-related health services in a rural area of state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

The objective of the present paper was to compare accessibility and utilisation of schistosomiasis diagnostic and treatment services in a small village and the surrounding rural area in northern part of the state of Minas Gerais Brazil. The study included 1,228 individuals: 935 central village residents and 293 rural residents of São Pedro do Jequitinhonha. Schistosoma mansoni infection rates were significantly higher in the central village than in the rural area during a survey in 2007 (44.3% and 23.5%, respectively) and during the 2002 schistosomiasis case-finding campaign (33.1% and 26.5%, respectively) (p < 0.001). However, during the 2002-2006 period, only 23.7% of the villagers and 27% of the rural residents obtained tests on their own from health centres, hospitals and private clinics in various nearby towns. In 2007, 63% of the villagers and 70.5% of the rural residents reported never having received treatment for schistosomiasis. This paper reveals considerable variation in the accessibility and utilisation of schistosomiasis-related health services between the central village and the rural area. A combination of low utilisation rates between 2002-2006 and persistently high S. mansoni infection rates suggest that the schistosomiasis control program must be more rapidly incorporated into the primary health services.

Active surveillance of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in endemic areas in rural Bolivia

INTRODUCTION: American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), including mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) and localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), is endemic in Bolivia. We describe the results of active surveillance of ATL from 2001 to 2006 and assess demographic data related to ATL epidemiology in the Yungas valleys. METHODS: Community-based active ATL surveillance was performed by the institutions SERVIR, CÁRITAS, and the Health Services Department of La Paz, whose files were reviewed retrospectively. A cross-sectional survey was carried out to assess demographic data in two communities. RESULTS: Two thousand nine hundred nine cases of ATL were detected from 2001 to 2006: 2,488 (85.5%) corresponded to LCL and 421 (14.5%) to MCL. A reduction in the proportion of mucosal cases was observed between 2001 and 2006. The proportion of MCL cases increased with age and was higher among males (15.5% versus 12.1%, p=0.018). The rate of positivity via direct observation of the parasite in dermal scrapings and in parasite cultivation was significantly higher for LCL than for MCL (p<0.001 and p=0.009, respectively). The rate of reactivity in the leishmanin skin test was higher in the group with mucosal lesions (p=0.012). The cross-sectional survey showed that 40% of the families had emigrated from the Altiplano. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to undertake continuous case detection of ATL in the area, where the disease presents a high rate of mucosal cases. Increasing incidence seems to be associated with immigration and continuous deforestation to expand the crop-growing areas.

Serologic assessment of yellow fever immunity in the rural population of a yellow fever-endemic area in Central Brazil

IntroductionThe yellow fever epidemic that occurred in 1972/73 in Central Brazil surprised the majority of the population unprotected. A clinical-epidemiological survey conducted at that time in the rural area of 19 municipalities found that the highest (13.8%) number of disease cases were present in the municipality of Luziânia, State of Goiás.MethodsThirty-eight years later, a new seroepidemiological survey was conducted with the aim of assessing the degree of immune protection of the rural population of Luziânia, following the continuous attempts of public health services to obtain vaccination coverage in the region. A total of 383 volunteers, aged between 5 and 89 years and with predominant rural labor activities (75.5%), were interviewed. The presence of antibodies against the yellow fever was also investigated in these individuals, by using plaque reduction neutralization test, and correlated to information regarding residency, occupation, epidemiological data and immunity against the yellow fever virus.ResultsWe found a high (97.6%) frequency of protective titers (>1:10) of neutralizing antibodies against the yellow fever virus; the frequency of titers of 1:640 or higher was 23.2%, indicating wide immune protection against the disease in the study population. The presence of protective immunity was correlated to increasing age.ConclusionsThis study reinforces the importance of surveys to address the immune state of a population at risk for yellow fever infection and to the surveillance of actions to control the disease in endemic areas.

Epidemiological aspects of schistosomiasis in workers of the Movement of Landless Rural Workers

Introduction Schistosomiasis is endemic in 74 countries and is considered a serious public health problem in some locations. Methods A transverse study was performed of 13 landless settlements in southern Sergipe from February to December 2009. The study included 822 settlers, of whom 601 underwent stool testing. Results The prevalence of schistosomiasis in landless workers was 4.3%. The population has a low education level, and basic sanitation services are not available to all residents. Conclusions The prevalence of schistosomiasis was low in the population and among different settlements, possibly because of different forms of water use by the settlers.

Rural tourism as risk factor for the transmission of schistosomiasis in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Recently, the booming rural tourism in endemic areas of the state of Minas Gerais was identified as a contributing factor in the dissemination of the infection with Schistosoma mansoni. This article presents data from six holiday resorts in a rural district approximately 100 km distant from Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, where a possibly new and until now unperceived way of transmission was observed. The infection takes place in swimming pools and little ponds, which are offered to tourists and the local population for fishing and leisure activities. The health authorities of the district reported cases of schistosomiasis among the local population after visiting these sites. As individuals of the non-immune middle class parts of the society of big urban centers also frequent these resorts, infection of these persons cannot be excluded. A malacological survey revealed the presence of molluscs of the species Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria straminea at the resorts. The snails (B. glabrata) of one resort tested positive for S. mansoni. In order to resolve this complex problem a multidisciplinary approach including health education, sanitation measures, assistance to the local health services, and evolvement of the local political authorities, the local community, the tourism association, and the owners of the leisure resorts is necessary. This evidence emphasizes the urgent need for a participative strategic plan to develop the local tourism in an organized and well-administered way. Only so this important source of income for the region can be ensured on the long term without disseminating the disease and putting the health of the visitors at risk.

Rural tourism: a risk factor for schistosomiasis transmission in Brazil

This paper reports an outbreak of acute schistosomiasis among 38 tourists who rented a country house in the district of Igarapé, the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, during a holiday period in 2006. A total number of 32 individuals were positive for Schistosoma mansoni. Results of stool examinations revealed individual S. mansoni egg counts per gram of faeces (epg) ranging from 4-768 epg with a geometric mean egg count of 45. The most frequent clinical symptoms were abdominal pain (78.1%), headache (75%), fever (65.6%), dry cough (65.2%) and both diarrhoea and asthenia (59.4%). A malacological survey of the area, where 22 specimens of Biomphalaria glabrata were collected, revealed three (13.6%) specimens eliminating Schistosoma cercariae. This investigation re-confirms a recently described pattern of schistosomiasis infection, resulting in the acute form of the disease and connected to rural tourism, which contributes to the spread of the disease among the middle-class and into non-endemic areas. The lack of specific knowledge about acute schistosomiasis among health services causes an increased number of unnecessary diagnostic procedures and delays in accurate diagnosis and treatment, resulting in considerable discomfort for the patients.

A política de cooperação do Brasil com a África Subsaariana no setor rural: transferência e inovação na difusão de políticas públicas

O artigo trata das dinâmicas da cooperação Sul-Sul, com foco nas relações entre o Brasil e o continente africano no setor agrícola. São analisadas a construção da política brasileira de cooperação e a influência da dualidade de modelos de desenvolvimento rural e agrícola na identificação dos projetos. Verificou-se a presença da lógica de transferência de soluções políticas e do auxílio à elaboração de políticas públicas na formulação dessas iniciativas.

Aplicação da geotecnologia no estudo de cadastro técnico rural e no mapeamento de áreas de preservação permanente e reservas legais

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal mapear as classes de cobertura e o uso da terra, bem como as áreas de preservação permanente (APPs) e de reservas legais de imóveis rurais. A área de estudo compreendeu parte dos municípios de Canaã, Araponga e Ervália, Estado de Minas Gerais. Foi utilizada uma imagem ortorretificada de alta resolução do sensor Ikonos II com 1 m de resolução espacial. A partir da interpretação visual da imagem, foram criadas sete classes temáticas, a saber: cobertura florestal, pasto sujo, pasto limpo, cafezal, edificações, área agrícola e reflorestamento. As APPs foram obtidas a partir de um modelo digital de elevação hidrologicamente consistente. Os resultados mostraram a predominância das classes de cafezal com 24,5% e de cobertura florestal com 28,8%, perfazendo mais de 50% da área de estudo. As áreas delimitadas como de preservação permanente totalizaram 55,1%.

Diferenças entre os gêneros na assistência técnica e extensão rural realizada por médicos veterinários: paradigma ou preconceito

A Medicina Veterinária é profissão relativamente antiga e, mesmo em tempos modernos, em determinados países ou regiões, a profisssional veterinária ainda encontra barreiras ao exercício pleno da profissão, tanto nas atividades de Assistência Técnica como nas de Extensão Rural. Este estudo objetivou verificar se existem diferenças entre os gêneros, no que se refere às atividades de Assistência Técnica e de Extensão Rural, realizadas por médicos veterinários no Estado de Goiás (Brasil) e, em caso de existência, analisar se os resultados podem ser considerados frutos de um paradigma ou de preconceito. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Estado de Goiás, em 26 municípios, envolvendo 100 propriedades rurais, administradas por indivíduos de diferentes gêneros e perfis. Foram analisados questionários respondidos pelos proprietários, envolvendo cinco temas, compreendendo diferenças entre os gêneros, senso de organização profissional, relacionamento interpessoal, força física e conhecimento técnico. Na visão dos entrevistados, os homens foram considerados como detentores de maior aptidão para as atividades que exigem força física e, as mulheres, para o trabalho que requer maior senso de organização. Para as outras atividades, ambos os profissionais equipararam-se quanto ao seu desempenho, pois a maioria dos entrevistados alegou não ter preferência, em relação aos aspectos gênero, relacionamento interpessoal e conhecimento teórico. Concluiu-se que as diferenças entre os gêneros, nos desempemhos em Assistência Técnica e em Extensão Rural, realizadas por médicos veterinários no Estado de Goiás, foram identificadas quando os aspectos considerados são a força física e o senso de organização. Nos quesitos preferência pelo homem ou pela mulher, relacionamento interpessoal e conhecimento técnico, não houve distinções. Dessa forma, pode-se considerar a existência de um paradigma, não a de um preconceito.

Satisfacción con el empleo de extensionista rural: un estudio cualitativo en Caldas, Colombia

Como aporte al posicionamiento de la extensión rural como objeto multidimensional de estudio, se analizan las valoraciones realizadas por extensionistas rurales acerca de situaciones inherentes a su experiencia cotidiana de trabajo, seguido de la identificación de factores de satisfacción/insatisfacción laboral. En consonancia con la esencia cualitativa del estudio, la información se generó a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas a 23 extensionistas rurales adscritos las Unidades Municipales de Asistencia Técnica (UMATA) de cinco municipios del departamento de Caldas, Colombia. El análisis de discurso permitió identificar ocho factores: a) gusto por la profesión ejercida, b) posibilidades de proyección social, c) alcance y visualización de logros, d) reconocimiento público, e) posibilidades de ascenso, f) posibilidades de aprendizaje continuo, g) autonomía, y h) estabilidad laboral. Se concluye que desconocer el estado emocional de los extensionistas hacia el trabajo produce el riesgo de crear o conservar escenarios que limiten el compromiso con la labor social realizada y el mantenimiento de la vocación extensionista.