Contribuição ao conhecimento químico de plantas do nordeste - Lippia sidoides Cham

Um novo na ftoquinoide identificado como 6-oxo-3, 4, 4a, 5 -tetrahidro-3-hiroxi-2, 2-dimetilnafto-1, 2-pirano (6) foi isolado dos extratos metanólicos do caule e das folhas de Lippia sidoides Cham.. Ao lado da nova quinona (6) foram isoladas e identificadas outras substâncias conhecidas, tais como: ácido vanílico, carvacrol, 6, 7-dimetoxi-4', 5-dihidroxiflavona, lapachenol e isocatalponol. Foram ainda identificados os seguintes ácidos graxos: palmitico estéarico, araquidico, behênico e lignocérico.

Larvicidal activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides cham. against Aedes aegypti linn

The aim of this work was to study the larvicidal activity of Lippia sidoides essential oil against Aedes aegypti larvae. The essential oil and its hydrolate (saturated solution of essential oil in water) were obtained by vapor extraction and their chemical composition determined by GL-chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy. Bioassays were run with the essential oil, pure and diluted hydrolate and with their main constituents thymol and carvacrol. The results obtained showed that L. sidoides essential oil and its hydrolate have larvicidal action against the mosquito A. aegypti, causing an almost instantaneous mortality. Thymol, an alkylated phenol derivative and one of the major components of L. sidoides essential oil, was identified as the active principle responsible for the larvicidal action, causing 100% larval mortality at the lowest tested concentration of 0.017% (w/v). These results suggest that the essential oil of L. sidoides is promising as larvicide against A. aegypti and could be useful in the search of newer, more selective, and biodegradable larvicidal natural compounds to be used in official combat programs and at home.

Constituintes químicos e avaliação do potencial antiinflamatório e antioxidante de extratos das folhas de Chomelia obtusa Cham. & Schltdl. (Rubiaceae)

The phytochemical investigation of Chomelia obtusa leaves led to the isolation of four triterpenes (3-O-β-D-quinovopyranosyl-28-O-β-D-glycopyranosyl quinovic acid, 3-O-β-D-quinovopyranosyl-28-O-β-D-glycopyranosyl cincholic acid, and a mixture of ursolic and oleanolic acids), two flavonoids (3-O-β-D-glycopyranosyl quercetin, 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside] quercetin), besides bornesitol and a mixture of 3,5- and 4,5-O-dicaffeoyl quinic acids. The structures of the isolated compounds were assigned on the basis of spectroscopic data, including two-dimensional NMR methods. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the crude methanolic extract and of its fractions were evaluated. This is the first report on the chemical and biological investigation of the Chomelia genus.

Volatile and non-volatile compounds and antimicrobial activity of Mansoa difficilis (Cham.) Bureau & K. Schum: (Bignoniaceae)

Essential oil from the leaves of Mansoa difficilis was analyzed by GC/MS. Oct-1-en-3-ol (49.65%) was the major compound, but diallyl di- and trisulfide were also present (0.85 and 0.37%, respectively), justifying the garlic-like odor of the crushed leaves. The hexane and methanol extracts of the leaves and stems afforded as main constituents a mixture of linear hydrocarbons, spinasterol, stigmasterol, ursolic and oleanolic acids, two apigenin derivatives and verbascoside. The hexane and methanol extracts of leaves were tested for antimicrobial activity against ten microorganisms. The hexane extract was active against both Psedomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

Isolamento do verbacosídeo e validação de método analítico para padronização do extrato bruto das partes aéreas de Buddleja stachyoides Cham. & Schltdl. (Scrophulariaceae)

Phenylpropanoid glycoside verbascoside was isolated and identified from the ethyl acetate fraction of the aerial parts of Buddleja stachyoides Cham. & Schltdl. by 1H-NMR. A method using high-performance liquid chromatography has been developed and validated for determination of verbascoside in alcoholic crude extract of the aerial parts of B. stachyoides. Analysis was performed on a Phenomenex® Gemini-NX C18 analytical column (250 mm × 4.6 mm; 5 µm) using a mobile phase (pump A - aqueous solution containing H2SO4 (0.01 M), H3PO4 (0.4%), and (C2H5)2NH (0.4%); pump B - methanol:aqueous (95:5) solution containing H2SO4 (0.05 M), H3PO4 (2%), and (C2H5)2NH (0.2%); pump C - acetonitrile:aqueous (90:10) solution containing H2SO4 (0.05 M) and H3PO4 (2%)) and a diode array detector at 325 nm. The method was validated in accordance with ANVISA guidelines and may be applied to quality control of herbal medicine with aerial parts of B. stachyoides.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND FREE-RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES OF Guettarda viburnoides CHAM. & SCHLTDL. (RUBIACEAE)

Chemical investigation of Guettarda viburnoides (leaves) led to the isolation of ursolic acid, uncaric acid, secoxyloganin, and grandifloroside, along with a mixture of quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of their NMR data. The crude extract, ethyl acetate fraction, aqueous-methanol fraction, and grandifloroside showed significant DPPH free-radical scavenging activities with IC50 ranging from 18.92 to 26.47 µg mL-1. The topical administration of the crude extract and fractions markedly reduced the croton oil-induced mice ear edema in 67.0%-99.0%. Inhibition of tissue MPO activity was also observed, which demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect of the G. viburnoides species.

Phenology, fruit set and dispersal of Cordia multispicata Cham., an important weed shrub of abandoned pastures in eastern Amazonia

ABSTRACT - (Phenology, fruit set and dispersal of Cordia multispicata Cham., an important weed shrub of abandoned pastures in eastern Amazonia). The reproductive ecology of the distylous tropical shrub Cordia multispicata was studied in an abandoned pasture in Paragominas County , Pará state, Brazil. It is a common species in the Amazon basin where it occurs as a weed in open and disturbed habitats. C. multispicata has many flowers per inflorescence (85 ± 12) but 84% abort before fertilization. Flowering occurs throughout the year. Fruits are small, with a red fleshy pericarp (skin-pulp) attractive to birds. Fruit set is lower during the dry season (less than 30%) and higher during the rainy season when there are many visits of insects to the flowers. Fruiting has a peak between the end of the dry season and the middle of the rainy season. Nineteen bird species were observed foraging for the fruits of C. multispicata, and 79% of those species can be considered as potential dispersal agents. The efficient seed dispersal and aggregated spatial distribution associated with some characteristics of the dispersors greatly contributed to the success of this species in abandoned pastures of eastern Amazonia.

Flooding effects in seedlings of Cytharexyllum myrianthum Cham. and Genipa americana L.: responses of two neotropical lowland tree species

Six-month-old seedlings of Cytharexyllum myrianthum and Genipa americana, two common tree species in different flood-prone areas in Brazil, were flooded for up to 90 days to compare their survival and growth responses under these conditions. Seedlings of both species were found to be relatively tolerant to flooding but growth responses changed according to treatment and plant species. Growth of G. americana was reduced by flooding, showing a decrease in root and leaf dry mass, root/shoot ratio and height, without showing any adaptive morphological changes. On the other hand, growth of C. myrianthum seedlings was stimulated under flooding conditions, showing an increase in root dry mass, root/shoot ratio, height, stem diameter and some morphological changes in roots and stems, i.e., development of new roots and stem base hypertrophy. These results could be regarded as an experimental corroboration of the field observations, showing that these species could be indicated for restoration programs of some Neotropical wetlands.

Pollination ecology of Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. & Hook. and T. ochracea (Cham.) Standl. (Bignoniaceae) in Central Brazil cerrado vegetation

The pollination ecology and breeding systems of Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. & Hook., and T. ochracea (Cham.) Standl. were investigated in an area of cerrado vegetation in the Federal District of Brazil. These species occur sympatrically, flower massively and synchronously for a month, during the dry season (July to September). Both have diurnal anthesis, with similar floral structures, a yellow tubular corolla and produce nectar. Fourteen species of bees visited both Tabebuia species, but, only three Centris species and Bombus morio, were considered potential pollinators, because of their high frequency on the flowers and their efficiency in carrying pollen. Tests on the breeding systems of T. aurea and T. ochracea demonstrated that boths species are self-incompatible, with late-acting self-incompatibility. The proportion of fruit set from cross pollination (T. aurea 17.2% and T. ochracea 12.3%) in both species was low considering the great number of flowers displayed. This suggests a lack of maternal resources for fruit-set. The great amount of seeds per fruit (about 92 in T. aurea and 285 in T. ochracea) may represent an investment of maternal resources allocated on higher quality of fertilized ovules.

Detection of anthraquinones and identification of 1,4-naphthohydroquinone in cell suspension cultures of Rudgea jasminoides (Cham.) Müll. Arg. (Rubiaceae)

In Rubiaceae, anthraquinones and naphthoquinones are secondary metabolites characteristic of the subfamily Rubioideae, in which Rudgea jasminoides is included. Thin-layer chromatography using specific solvent systems and spray reagents indicated the presence of anthraquinones constitutively produced by cell suspension cultures of R. jasminoides. GC/MS analysis detected 1,4-naphthohydroquinone as a product of biosynthesis only after elicitation of the cells with yeast extract (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The latter compound is probably a phytoalexin produced by suspension cultures of R. jasminoides.

Ontogenia da semente de Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) Standl. (Bignoniaceae)

O presente trabalho descreveu a ontogenia da semente de T. ochracea através de análises histológicas com especial referência a endospermogênese. Os óvulos são anátropos unitegumentados e tenuinucelados; hipóstase, rota de passagem de nutrientes e endotélio estão presentes. O endosperma é celular com desenvolvimento posterior do tipo Catalpa. O haustório calazal do endosperma é primário, bicelular e apresenta-se totalmente degenerado durante a maturidade da semente; já o micropilar é secundário, multicelular, diferencia-se tardiamente e está ativo até a maturidade da semente. Foi observado um endosperma diferenciado tardiamente formando, juntamente com o endotélio, um envoltório membranáceo dos embriões. A endospermogênese corresponde ao encontrado para outras espécies do gênero. Além disso, a diferenciação do haustório micropilar e a origem do envoltório membranáceo são elucidadas e, a última, provavelmente é a mesma nas espécies que apresentam essa estrutura.

Anatomia comparada do lenho em raiz e caule de Lippia salviifolia Cham. (Verbenaceae)

O presente trabalho vem contribuir com informações sobre a anatomia estrutural da madeira de raiz e caule de L. salviifolia Cham. (Verbenaceae). O estudo foi conduzido em área de cerrado, no Município de Pratânia, Estado de São Paulo (23º02'55,5" S e 48º31'26,1" W). Três espécimes de Lippia salviifolia foram coletados. Amostras do caule foram coletadas à altura do peito (AP), isto é, a 1,30 m do solo e as amostras de raiz foram coletadas de 30 a 40 cm da base do tronco. Houve variação qualitativa e quantitativa entre o lenho de raiz e de caule. As características quantitativas mais relevantes que diferenciam o lenho da raiz do de caule em L. salviifolia foram comprimento e freqüência de vasos, comprimento, diâmetro e espessura da parede das fibras e largura e altura de raios. Camadas de crescimento bem definidas foram observadas no lenho de caule e raiz. Placas de perfuração simples e múltiplas foram observadas nos elementos de vaso tanto no lenho de caule quanto no de raiz, entretanto placas radiadas foram encontradas apenas no lenho de raiz. Foram observadas fibras septadas e raios mais largos no lenho de raiz.

Substâncias antifúngicas constitutivas e induzidas em folhas e suspensões celulares de Rudgea jasminoides (Cham.) Müll. Arg. (Rubiaceae)

Rudgea jasminoides (Cham.) Müll. Arg. é uma rubiácea arbórea nativa da floresta tropical que sintetiza metabólitos secundários antifúngicos, quando em contato com fungos. Membros da família Rubiaceae estão entre as poucas plantas facilmente mantidas em cultura de tecidos e que produzem quantidades substanciais de metabólitos secundários que ultrapassam os níveis normalmente encontrados na planta intacta. Neste trabalho foi analisada a presença de compostos antifúngicos constitutivos e induzidos produzidos por folhas e suspensões celulares dessa espécie. Oligogalacturonídeos (OGAs), ácido salicílico(AS), óxido nítrico(NO) e fragmentos de β-glucano de leveduras foram usados como eliciadores. Substâncias constitutivas com atividade antifúngica foram detectadas nas suspensões celulares de R. jasminoides, principalmente na fase estacionária do crescimento das culturas. Essas substâncias foram encontradas em maior diversidade e quantidade quando comparadas às das folhas. O tratamento com fragmentos de β-glucano de leveduras aumentou a produção de substâncias antifúngicas constitutivas e induziu a síntese de compostos antifúngicos ausentes nas culturas não eliciadas (fitoalexinas), principalmente na fase de crescimento exponencial. OGAs derivados da parede celular de folhas dessa espécie também promoveram efeito similar. Nas condições experimentais utilizadas, os sinalizadores endógenos ácido salicílico e óxido nítrico foram tóxicos e ineficazes na ativação da síntese de metabólitos de defesa nas culturas celulares de R. jasminoides. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que suspensões celulares de R. jasminoides sintetizam substâncias com atividade antifúngica, cuja produção pode ser aumentada pelo uso de eliciadores de fungos e plantas.

Effect of adding flours from marolo fruit (Annona crassiflora Mart) and jerivá fruit (Syagrus romanzoffiana Cham Glassm) on the physicals and sensory characteristics of food bars

Abstract The marolo (Annona crassiflora Mart.) and jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana Cham Glassm) fruits grow in the Cerrado biome, and have important sensory and nutritional characteristics. These fruits are eaten fresh or processed and embedded in ice cream, candy, juices, and liquors. However, their use is very limited and is localized exclusively to their native region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of these fruits in food consumer products to improve the nutritional patterns of consumers and extend knowledge thereof. To do this, different levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of flour derived from the marolo and jerivá fruits were incorporated into food bars, which were then characterized in terms of their physical of the texture (TPA), porosity, color and sensorial properties. The food bars enriched with marolo and jerivá flours had an intense yellow color and increased hardness relative to the control bars; the porosity of the bars progressively decreased as the amount of flour added increased. The sensorial analysis in the snack bars developed added with the fruits flour no was influence by incorporation this component, showed good averages for the scores evaluated.

Ensaios preliminares em laboratório para verificar a ação moluscicida de algumas espécies da flora brasileira

Estudou-se em laboratório a atividade moluscicida de 68 extratos de 23 plantas brasileiras. As soluções em água desclorada dos extratos hexânicos e etanólico, nas concentrações de 1, 10 e 100 ppm, foram testadas sobre caramujos adultos e desovas de Biomphalaria glabrata, criados em laboratório. As plantas que demonstraram ação moluscicida na concentração de 100 ppm foram: Arthemisia verlotorum Lamotte, Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth, Cassia rugosa G.Don., Eclipta alba Hassk, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd, Euphorbia splendens Bojer, Joannesia princeps Vell, Leonorus sibiricus L.,Macrosiphonia guaranitica Muell,Nerium oleander L., Palicourea nicotianaefolia Cham, e Schlech., Panicum maximum M., Rumex crispus L., Ruta graveolens L., e Stryphnodendron barbatiman M.