Electrophoretic protein patterns and numerical analysis of Candida albicans from the oral cavities of healthy children

The aim of this research was to evaluate the protein polymorphism degree among seventy-five C. albicans strains from healthy children oral cavities of five socioeconomic categories from eight schools (private and public) in Piracicaba city, São Paulo State, in order to identify C. albicans subspecies and their similarities in infantile population groups and to establish their possible dissemination route. Cell cultures were grown in YEPD medium, collected by centrifugation, and washed with cold saline solution. The whole-cell proteins were extracted by cell disruption, using glass beads and submitted to SDS-PAGE technique. After electrophoresis, the protein bands were stained with Coomassie-blue and analyzed by statistics package NTSYS-pc version 1.70 software. Similarity matrix and dendrogram were generated by using the Dice similarity coefficient and UPGMA algorithm, respectively, which made it possible to evaluate the similarity or intra-specific polymorphism degrees, based on whole-cell protein fingerprinting of C. albicans oral isolates. A total of 13 major phenons (clusters) were analyzed, according to their homogeneous (socioeconomic category and/or same school) and heterogeneous (distinct socioeconomic categories and/or schools) characteristics. Regarding to the social epidemiological aspect, the cluster composition showed higher similarities (0.788 < S D < 1.0) among C. albicans strains isolated from healthy children independent of their socioeconomic bases (high, medium, or low). Isolates of high similarity were not found in oral cavities from healthy children of social stratum A and D, B and D, or C and E. This may be explained by an absence of a dissemination route among these children. Geographically, some healthy children among identical and different schools (private and public) also are carriers of similar strains but such similarity was not found among other isolates from children from certain schools. These data may reflect a restricted dissemination route of these microorganisms in some groups of healthy scholars, which may be dependent of either socioeconomic categories or geographic site of each child. In contrast to the higher similarity, the lower similarity or higher polymorphism degree (0.499 < S D < 0.788) of protein profiles was shown in 23 (30.6%) C. albicans oral isolates. Considering the social epidemiological aspect, 42.1%, 41.7%, 26.6%, 23.5%, and 16.7% were isolates from children concerning to socioeconomic categories A, D, C, B, and E, respectively, and geographically, 63.6%, 50%, 33.3%, 33.3%, 30%, 25%, and 14.3% were isolates from children from schools LAE (Liceu Colégio Albert Einstein), MA (E.E.P.S.G. "Prof. Elias de Melo Ayres"), CS (E.E.P.G. "Prof. Carlos Sodero"), AV (Alphaville), HF (E.E.P.S.G. "Honorato Faustino), FMC (E.E.P.G. "Prof. Francisco Mariano da Costa"), and MEP (E.E.P.S.G. "Prof. Manasses Ephraim Pereira), respectively. Such results suggest a higher protein polymorphism degree among some strains isolated from healthy children independent of their socioeconomic strata or geographic sites. Complementary studies, involving healthy students and their families, teachers, servants, hygiene and nutritional habits must be done in order to establish the sources of such colonization patterns in population groups of healthy children. The whole-cell protein profile obtained by SDS-PAGE associated with computer-assisted numerical analysis may provide additional criteria for the taxonomic and epidemiological studies of C. albicans.

Experimentos com os nematicidas D. D., E. D. B. e brometo de metilo no combate aos nematódeos causadores de galhas em raízes de plantas (Meloidogyne spp.)

Tomato roots heavily disfigured by root-knot nematodes were throughly mixed with soil. At various time intervals, samples were taken from the mixture and treated in closed containers by each of the folio wing nematicides: D.D., E.D.B. and M.B. The efficacy of the treatment was tested by setting indicator plants in the treated soil and by examining their roots for the presence of galls two months later. In other words, the ability of the three nematicides to penetrate nematode galls after various periods of rotting, which varied from 5 to 30 days was studied. The main conclusions drawn are as follows: a) no nematicide among the three listed above showed the ability for complete destruction of the nematodes protected inside the roots, for a number of small galls developed on the root system of the indicator plant in all treatments; b) smaller and less numerous galls were present on the roots of the indicator plants grown in soil treated after a rotting period of 30 days; c) however, the control obtained seems to be quite satisfactory economically, since the check plants grew poorly and have developed a very unhealthy root system. This is in accordance with STARK & LEAR (1947), LEAR (1951) and CICCARONE's (1951) statements. The results of the present experiments show again that awaiting for the rotting of galls of the root-knot nematodes is not indispensable for an economically convenient soil fumigation. Fields in which many fleshy infected roots from previous crops have been buried can be economically fumigated immediately, without any loss of time. Notwithstanding, when thick woody roots are present in the soil, the above statements may not hold true. This should constitute a new problem calling for further experiments. Another essay dealing with methyl bromide alone, consisted in treating cotton roots heavily disfigured by Meloidogyne incognita in a container (diameter = 28cm, height = 32 cm), which remained closed for five days. After the treatment, the roots were mixed with soil, in which tomato seedlings were planted. After a growing period of two months, the roots of the tomato plants were washed in running water and examined for the presence of galls. As an early infeccion was present in the root system of all plants, the inefficacy of the treatment has been proved.

Performance of diagnostic biomarkers in predicting liver fibrosis among hepatitis C virus-infected Egyptian children

The aim of the present study was to identify specific markers that mirror liver fibrosis progression as an alternative to biopsy when biopsy is contraindicated, especially in children. After liver biopsies were performed, serum samples from 30 hepatitis C virus (HCV) paediatric patients (8-14 years) were analysed and compared with samples from 30 healthy subjects. All subjects were tested for the presence of serum anti-HCV antibodies. Direct biomarkers for liver fibrosis, including transforming growth factor-β1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), hyaluronic acid (HA), procollagen type III amino-terminal peptide (PIIINP) and osteopontin (OPN), were measured. The indirect biomarkers aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, albumin and bilirubin were also tested. The results revealed a significant increase in the serum marker levels in HCV-infected children compared with the healthy group, whereas albumin levels exhibited a significant decrease. Significantly higher levels of PIIINP, TIMP-1, OPN and HA were detected in HCV-infected children with moderate to severe fibrosis compared with children with mild fibrosis (p < 0.05). The diagnostic accuracy of these direct biomarkers, represented by sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value, emphasises the utility of PIIINP, TIMP-1, OPN and HA as indicators of liver fibrosis among HCV-infected children.

Does acute hyperglycemia alter rat aortic depressor nerve function?

Because it is not known where in the reflex arch, i.e., afference, central nervous system or efferences, hyperglycemia affects baroreflex function, the present study examined the effect of short-term (30 min) hyperglycemia on aortic depressor nerve function measured by a mean arterial pressure vs aortic depressor nerve activity curve, fitted by sigmoidal regression, or by cross-spectral analysis between mean arterial pressure and aortic depressor nerve activity. Anesthetized male Wistar rats received an intravenous bolus (0.25 mL) injection, followed by 30 min of infusion (1 mL/h) of 30% glucose (N = 14). Control groups received a bolus injection and infusion of 0.9% saline (N = 14), or 30% mannitol (N = 14). Glucose significantly increased both blood glucose and plasma osmolarity (P < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure did not change after glucose, saline or mannitol infusion. Mean arterial pressure vs nerve activity curves were identical before and 10 and 30 min after the beginning of glucose, saline or mannitol infusion. Slow (0.3 Hz) oscillations of arterial pressure were induced by controlled bleeding, and cross-spectral analysis was applied to arterial pressure and aortic nerve activity. Transfer function magnitude (aortic depressor nerve activity/mean arterial pressure ratio in the frequency domain) was calculated as an index of gain of the aortic depressor nerve. Transfer function magnitude was similar in all groups during induced or spontaneous oscillations of arterial pressure. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates, by means of two different approaches for assessing baroreceptor function, that aortic depressor nerve activity was not altered by short-term (30 min) hyperglycemia.

Embryology of Triatoma infestans (KLUG), (Hemiptera, Reduviidae), a Chagas' disease vector

This study reports the embryogenesis of T. infestans (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Morphological parameters of growth sequences from oviposition until hatching (12-14 d 28ºC) were established. Five periods, as percent of time of development (TD), were characterized from oviposition until hatching. The most important morphological features were: 1) formation of blastoderm within 7% of TD; 2) germ band and gastrulation within 30% of TD; 3) nerve cord, limb budding, thoracic and abdominal segmentation and formation of body cavity within 50% of TD; 4) nervous system and blastokinesis end, and development of embryonic cuticle within 65% of TD; 5) differentiation of the mouth parts, fat body, and Malphigian tubules during final stage and completion of embryo at day 12 to day 14 around hatching. These signals were chosen as appropriate morphological parameters which should enable the evaluation of embryologic modifications due to the action/s of different insecticides

Tratamento eclético da lepra: 20 anos de experiência

The author gives the clinical records of 20 patients, 14 of which were treated during 17 months, and the rest much less. The method used for treatment was the ecclectical — preferred by the A. since many years —, in which he associates electricity with minor surgery, chaulmestrol (pure or with 0.5 p. c. iodine or 4 p. c. creosote) and other auxilliary curative agents. The chaulmoogra derivatives were used daily as nostrils tamponage (2 p.c. mentholated or thymolated ester), periodically by injections inside the enlarged lymph nodes and nerve abscesses, and twice weekly by subcutaneous infiltrations (MUIR method) 5 c.c. each, and chaulmoogra soap tablets per os. The galvanocauterisation session was once per week, on active leprotic lesions, followed by painting with 30 p. c. trichloracetic acid solution. All 20 patients were bacilliferous before treatment, and became stronger positive after some months treatment. At the end 14 negativated and 6 remained positive and sometimes bacilli being very scanty. 16 out of 20 gave interesting serological reactions, viz.: Wassermann, Stern, Kahn. Rubino, Witebsky and Gaté (Formol-gel) positive in 5; Stern, Rubino. Witebsky and Gaté positive and Wassermann and Kahn negative in 2; Stern. Kahn, Witebsky and Gaté positive and Wassermann anticomplementary in 1; Wassermann. Stern, Kahn, Rubino and Gaté negative in 1. in the beginning, and a few months later Stern. Witebsky and Gaté becoming positive; Stern. Rubino. Witebsky and Gaté positive and anticomplementary W. in 1; Stern, Witebsky and Gaté positive and Wassermann. Kahn and Rubino negative in 1; Witebsky and Gaté positive and Wassermann, Stern, Kahn and Rubino negative in 1; Witebsky 3 times anticomplemantary and strongly positive Gaté in 1; Wassermann and Gaté positive in 1; Stern and Rubino positive in 1 and Stern test negative in one. In 7 cases high Formol-gel were associated with a high sedimentation index. Many cases had very high S.I. being a false measure of the severity of the disease; others remained very high notwithstanding the great improvement of the disease. All patients with more than 12 months treatment became practically symptom free. Lepra reaction amongst them was rare and always started by embolic rash, being controlled by destruction of such skin lesions by galvanocauterisation. In a few cases the lepromata infiltrated with "Subintrol" (a 3 p. c. special chaulmoogra soap prepared by Dr. ASTROGILDO MACHADO) were completely destroyd and never relapsed. In October 1946 Dr. ERNEST MUIR saw here a few cases treated by the author's method and suggested the combination of Diasone with galvanocauterisation which is being done now with satifactory results. The second part of this paper, reporting many leprosy cases treated by the so-called ecclectical method, which are symptom free and negativated since five to ten years, will be published as soon as the sulfone-therapy be summarised in some reliable scientific report to be compared with.

Determinação das exigências térmicas de Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera, Muscidae), em condições de laboratório

The biology immature stage of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) was studied in the laboratory under four constant temperature. The study was carried out in biological incubators at 20, 25, 30 and 35-C; 65 ñ 10% relative humidity and 14 hours of photophase. The most favorable temperature for developing eggs, larval and pupal was 25-C, while 35-C proved to be harmful for a normal developing of S. calcitrans in larval stage. The incubation periods for egg were 69.90, 42.58, 26.10, 21.78 hours and 2.91, 1.77, 1.08, 0.90 days at 20, 25, 30, 35-C, respectively . The larval stage was 18.40, 11.63, 8.55 days and, the pupal stage, 8.60, 4.54, 3.60 days at 20, 25, 30-C, respectively. Threshold temperatures for males were a little higher than for females, however, this difference was lesser than 1-C. On the other hand, the quantity of energy (GD) for developing females was a little higher than for males. No difference was observed between the two methods used for calculating the above mentioned biological parameters of S. calcitrans.

Effect of temperature on different stages of Romanomermis iyengari, a mermithid nematode parasite of mosquitoes

The effect of temperature (20 degrees-35 degrees C) on different stages of Romanomermis iyengari was studied. In embryonic development, the single-cell stage eggs developed into mature eggs in 4.5-6.5 days at 25-35 degrees C but, required 9.5 days at 20 degrees C. Complete hatching occurred in 7 and 9 days after egg-laying at 35 and 30 degrees C, respectively. At 25 and 20 degrees C, 85-96 of the eggs did not hatch even by 30th day. Loss of infectivity and death of the preparasites occurred faster at higher temperatures. The 50 survival durations of preparasites at 20 and 35 degrees C were 105.8 and 10.6 hr respectively. They retained 50 infectivity up to 69.7 and 30.3 hr. The duration of the parasitic phase increased as temperature decreased. Low temperature favoured production of a higher proportion of females which were also larger in size. The maximum time taken for the juveniles to become adults was 14 days at 20 degrees C and the minimum was 9 days at 35 degrees C. Oviposition began earlier at higher temperature than at lower temperature. However, its fecundic period was shorter at 20 degrees C than at 35 degrees C indicating enhanced rate of oviposition at 20 degrees C. Fecundity was adversely affected at 20 degrees C and 35 degrees C. It is shown that the temperature range of 25 degrees-30 degrees C favours optimum development of R. iyengari.

Fecundidade e longevidade de Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera, Aphididae) em diferentes temperaturas e cultivares comerciais de crisântemo (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev)

Fecundity and longevity of Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera, Aphididae) at different temperatures and commercial chrysanthemum cultivars (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev). The aphid A. gossypii is one of the main pests in a number of crops both under field and protected conditions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the fecundity and longevity of A. gossypii under different temperatures and commercial chrysanthemum cultivars (Yellow Snowdon, White Reagan and Dark Splendid Reagan) with different trichomes densities (11.3; 16.6 and 21.6 trichome/mm² of the leaf, respectively) The trials were carried out in climatic chambers, at four temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30 ±1 °C), 70 ± 10% RH and photophase 10h. The reproductive period significantly decreased with increase of temperature in the three cultivars. In Yellow Snowdon cultivar average duration of the reproductive period was 14.3 days at 25 °C. The maximum fecundity was obtained at the temperature of 25 ºC with 3,1; 2,8 and 3,6 nymphs/female/day in the Yellow Snowdon, White Reagan and Dark S. Reagan cultivars, respectively. The total fecundity was reduced by extreme temperatures (15 and 30 °C), and was obtained at 25 °C with 35,9 nymphs/female. Females maintained in Yellow Snowdon cultivar significantly showed superiority (30,7 nymphs/female) in total fecundity in relation to White Reagan (22,1 nymphs/female) and Dark S. Reagan (22,9 nymphs/female). The Yellow Snowdon cultivar (with a lower trichome density) had a significant influence in daily and total capacity of nymphs production, showing a higher fecundity of A. gossypii females. The aphid's longevity was affected by cultivars and temperature, and this longevity decreased whit increase of temperature. The results showed that there was an interaction between the temperature and host plant on reproductive parameters of A. gossypii.

Manejo do nitrogênio no milho em sucessão a plantas de cobertura de solo, sob plantio direto

Estabelecida a hipótese de que a antecipação da adubação nitrogenada promove acréscimo no rendimento de grãos de milho pela maior disponibilidade de N nos estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento, foi realizado um trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes manejos de N para o milho cultivado em sucessão a plantas de cobertura de solo. O experimento foi desenvolvido em área do Departamento de Solos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (RS), nos anos agrícolas de 1996/97, 1997/98 e 1998/99, em Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico (Hapludalf). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. Nas parcelas principais (25 x 5 m), foram cultivadas três espécies para cobertura de solo no inverno: aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schieb), aveia preta + ervilhaca (Vicia sativa L.) e nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus). Nas subparcelas (5 x 5 m), aplicou-se N para o milho da seguinte maneira: (a) 00-00-00, (b) 00-30-90, (c) 30-30-60, (d) 60-30-30 e (e) 90-30-00, cuja seqüência para cada tratamento corresponde à quantidade de N em kg ha-1 aplicado em pré-semeadura-semeadura-cobertura do milho. A aplicação de N em pré-semeadura foi realizada após o manejo das plantas de cobertura de solo no inverno, enquanto em cobertura o N foi aplicado quando as plantas de milho estavam com quatro a seis folhas desenroladas. Utilizou-se uréia como fonte de N. Segundo os resultados, o milho cultivado em sucessão ao consórcio com aveia preta + ervilhaca mostrou melhor desempenho do que quando cultivado sobre resíduos de aveia preta e nabo forrageiro. A aplicação de N em pré-semeadura do milho é uma atitude de risco, sendo mais segura a aplicação de N na semeadura e em cobertura.

Manejo da adubação nitrogenada na sucessão aveia preta/milho, no sistema plantio direto

A sucessão aveia preta (Avena strigosa L.)/milho (Zea mays) é tradicionalmente utilizada no Sul do Brasil, sendo o manejo da adubação nitrogenada importante para o êxito desta sucessão, especialmente no sistema plantio direto. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de transferir, parcial ou totalmente, o nitrogênio que seria aplicado em cobertura no milho para a época de perfilhamento da aveia preta ou na pré-semeadura do milho. O trabalho foi realizado na área experimental do Departamento de Solos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (RS), no ano agrícola de 1999/2000, em um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico (Hapludalf). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, e os manejos de nitrogênio foram os seguintes: (a) 00-00-00-00, (b) 15-00-30-45, (c) 30-00-30-30, (d) 45-00-30-15, (e) 60-00-30-00, (f) 00-15-30-45, (g) 00-30-30 30, (h) 00-45-30-15, (i) 00-60-30-00 e (j) 00-00-30-60, cuja seqüência corresponde à quantidade de N em kgha-1 aplicado no perfilhamento da aveia preta (114dias antes da semeadura do milho), pré-semeadura do milho (17dias antes da semeadura do milho), semeadura do milho e cobertura do milho (4 a 6folhas desenroladas), totalizando uma aplicação final de 90kgha-1de N. Os resultados mostraram que o aumento da quantidade de nitrogênio no perfilhamento da aveia preta, ocarretou em aumento da quantidade de matéria seca produzida e diminuição nos teores de nitrogênio mineral no solo, no período imediatamente anterior ao da semeadura do milho. A taxa de decomposição do resíduo da parte aérea da aveia preta foi influenciada mais pela quantidade produzida do que pelo teor de N mineral do solo. A produtividade de grãos de milho diminuiu à medida que se retirou nitrogênio que seria aplicado em cobertura no milho para aplicar no perfilhamento da aveia preta. A aplicação de N em pré-semeadura do milho aumentou a disponibilidade de nitrogênio no início do ciclo do milho, mas ficou demonstrado que deve ser mantida a aplicação de N em cobertura.

Critérios morfológicos e temperatura para avaliação da germinação das sementes de cupuaçu

Os objetivos neste trabalho foram determinar os regimes térmicos de germinação das sementes de Theobroma grandiflorum, indicar a temperatura mais adequada para a condução do teste de germinação e propor critérios morfológicos de avaliação, visando a fornecer subsídios para inserir a espécie nas Regras para Análise de Sementes do Brasil. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em câmaras de germinação com fotoperíodo de 12 horas, utilizando vermiculita como substrato. A colheita das sementes de T. grandiflorum foi realizada na mesma população, porém de matrizes diferentes, em duas ocasiões: fevereiro (lote 1) e abril de 2010 (lote 2). Os testes de germinação foram realizados sob temperaturas constantes entre 10 e 40 30;C, com intervalo de 5 30;C. Três critérios foram avaliados: a protrusão (≥5 mm) da primeira estrutura visível (critério fisiológico); o alongamento do epicótilo (≥3 cm, correspondendo à emergência acima do substrato), e a formação de plântula normal (critério tecnológico). Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com sete temperaturas e quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Para cada critério, foram avaliadas a porcentagem e variáveis de velocidade. Em sementes de T. grandiflorum, o hipocótilo é a primeira estrutura visível no processo de germinação. A protrusão foi observada entre 10 e 40 30;C para o lote 1 e, para o lote 2, entre 10 e 35 30;C. A ausência de desenvolvimento do epicótilo e de plântulas normais nas temperaturas de 10; 15 e 40 30;C, em ambos os lotes, indica que a parte aérea é mais sensível a temperaturas extremas do que o hipocótilo e a raiz. O limite inferior de temperatura para o crescimento da parte aérea situou-se entre 15 e 20 30;C, e o limite superior, entre 35 e 40 30;C. A temperatura de 30 30;C é recomendada para o teste de germinação das sementes de T. grandiflorum. Para o critério de plântula normal, a primeira contagem pode ser realizada aos 21 dias, e a contagem final, aos 35 dias. O alongamento do epicótilo (≥3 cm) é uma alternativa para avaliação mais rápida da germinação, necessitando apenas de 14 dias para a primeira contagem e 20 dias para a contagem final.

Efeito da temperatura e da luz na germinação de urediniósporos de Phakopsora euvitis

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar o efeito da temperatura e da luz na germinação in vitro de urediniósporos de Phakopsoraeuvitis, assim como avaliar a viabilidade dos urediniósporos armazenados em diferentes temperaturas. Para a determinação do período de incubação foi avaliada a germinação dos urediniósporos em ágar-água 2%, após 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 e 24 h. Para avaliar o efeito da temperatura e da luz na germinação, placas de Petri contendo suspensão de urediniósporos foram mantidas no escuro e sob luz contínua, nas temperaturas de 15, 20, 25 e 30 ºC, por um período de 24 h. No estudo de viabilidade, urediniósporos armazenados em tubos Eppendorf foram mantidos nas temperaturas de -20±2, 5±2, 23±2 e 33±2ºC, no escuro. Verificou-se o aumento contínuo na germinação dos esporos entre as avaliações com 6 a 24 horas de incubação. As temperaturas cardinais (mínima, ótima e máxima) para a germinação de urediniósporos in vitro estimadas foram de 11,6; 21,0 e 30,6 ºC; e 13,1; 21,0 e 30,0 ºC; respectivamente, nas condições de luz contínua e escuro. A viabilidade dos esporos foi reduzida drasticamente no período de 60 dias de armazenamento, verificando-se maior preservação na temperatura de 23±2 ºC.

Rebrota de cepas de árvores adultas de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.)

O rejuvenescimento de árvores que alcançaram a maturidade de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.) torna-se necessário devido à dificuldade do enraizamento de ramos adultos. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a influência da altura de cepa no desenvolvimento de brotações e o melhor período para o corte das árvores. Os ensaios foram instalados em um plantio comercial de acácia-negra aos cinco anos de idade, desenvolvendo-se em espaçamentos de 1,0 x 1,30 m. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com seis repetições e seis plantas por parcela. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de diferentes alturas de cepa com corte à altura de: (a) 15 cm, (b) 30 cm, (c) 45 cm e (d) 60 cm. Os ensaios foram instalados no outono (março) e na primavera (setembro). Foram feitas avaliações aos 45, 90 e 150 dias, através da contagem de cepas com brotações e número de brotações por cepa. O corte das árvores na altura de 60 cm promoveu elevado índice de rebrota, com aproximadamente 90% das cepas apresentando brotações novas. Na primavera, obteve-se melhor rebrota de árvores adultas de acácia-negra, em comparação com o ensaio do outono. Esses resultados indicaram a influência da altura de cepa e do período do ano na capacidade de rebrota de indivíduos adultos de Acacia mearnsii.

Substratos e temperaturas para testes de germinação e vigor de sementes de Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Smith

A Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Smith é uma espécie nativa da Região Nordeste, que vem sendo progressivamente explorada na movelaria fina, na perfumaria e na medicina, fazendo-se necessários estudos que auxiliem em sua preservação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo definir substratos e temperaturas para a condução de testes de germinação e vigor com sementes de A. cearensis. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, com os fatores temperaturas (20, 25, 30, 35 ºC constantes e 20-30 ºC alternadas) e substratos (rolo de papel Germitest, areia, vermiculita, bioplant® e plantmax®), em quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Foram analisadas as seguintes características: porcentagem e velocidade de germinação, comprimento e massa seca de plântulas (raiz e parte aérea). A temperatura de 35 ºC mostrou-se mais adequada para a condução dos testes de germinação e vigor, independentemente do substrato utilizado. Os substratos areia e vermiculita foram os mais apropriados para avaliação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes.