170 resultados para Química inorgánica-Manuales de laboratorio


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This article focuses on the development of Inorganic Chemistry in Brazil, including historical perspectives, scientific production (WEB-ISI data), international cooperation, teaching, literature and human resources, with particular emphasis on the last 25 years.

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Beginning students in chemistry usually do not realize that wastes generated in their experimental classes constitute an environmental problem and that residues must be treated or disposed of in a suitable way. In this manuscript we describe the work that we have been doing in the inorganic chemistry course of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul with the objective of creating a critical consciousness in the students about the chemical wastes they generate. With this policy, students are required to take into account the nature of the residues they generate, how they can treat or segregate them, and how they can keep them in a suitable way for final destination, instead of simply throwing them away.

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As a proposal for an undergraduate second or third year inorganic laboratory course, the present paper describes the preparation of three representative boron complexes: potassium tetrafluoroborate, pyridoxin boron complex and potassium bis(oxalato)borate. The complexes are characterised by infrared and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H, 11B and 19F) where isotopic effects are demonstrated.

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Na análise de leite por espectrometria de emissão ótica com plasma induzido (ICP-OES) o produto comercial CFA-C, constituído por aminas terciárias, vêm sendo usado com sucesso como diluente em fase única. Devido ao custo do produto e possibilidades de contaminação durante o armazenamento, decidiu-se desenvolver um outro reagente de propriedades equivalentes ao referido produto. Testes qualitativos mostraram que o produto não contém ácido bórico nem EDTA. Em uma titulação potenciométrica de uma solução aquosa 10% v/v CFA-C com HCl obtiveram-se dois picos potenciométricos e deduziu-se que 90% do ácido foi consumido para neutralização da amina livre e 10% foi gasto para protonar um ânion de ácido fraco usado para formar um tampão de razão molar 10:1, do tipo R3N/R3NH+. Em uma simulação desse reagente preparou-se uma solução 6,06 mol L-1 de monoetanolamina (MEA) e 0,20 mol L-1 ácido cítrico, triprótico, para formar um tampão do mesmo tipo, 10:1, baseado na propriedade do íon citrato em complexar Ca(II). Outro tampão citrato mais diluído (1,52 mol L-1) foi preparado usando trishidroximetilaminometano (TRIS), que é uma amina menos solúvel. Essas misturas foram caracterizadas por análise potenciométrica e termoanalítica. O comportamento desses novos tampões amina/citrato foi adequado e comparável ao produto comercial.

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The synthesis of the layered compound VO(PO4)(H2O)2 and its use to oxidize 2-butanol to the ketone 2-butanone, is proposed as an experiment to integrate the organic and inorganic experimental undergraduate chemistry courses, in an atempt to overcome the observed disrupture between organic and inorganic chemistry.

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The effect of casein concentration, Ca2+ concentration, temperature and pH on the amount and size of protein aggregates (fines) in the whey produced by enzimic coagulation of nonfat milk was studied in laboratory conditions. Casein concentrations about 0.3 g/L showed a minimal amount of caseins in the whey, with presence of small aggregates of casein micellles. Ca2+ concentrations higher than 5 mM were neccesary to reduce the whey protein to a minimum constituted by protein particles smaller than casein micelles. The coagulation temperature, in the 35 - 45oC range, produced almost no variations in the whey proteins. The obtention of a minimum amount of whey proteins was possible only in a narrow pH range around 6.4. These results pointed to casein concentration and pH as important variables to be controlled in connection with the process yield.

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The basic principles of UV irradiation as sample pre-treatment step and its potential for inorganic analysis are illustrated and discussed through significant examples from the literature. Not only does this overview cover the classical applications of this technique in the decomposition of organic matter in electroanalysis, but it also presents recent trends, including the increasing interest in employing UV irradiation in flow analytical systems, successful attempts to enhance its effectiveness and the coupling with chromatographic and spectroscopic methodologies. Furthermore, a number of relevant cases of UV-driven derivatization reactions involving photo-sensitive inorganic species are presented, showing some convenient options to perform fast and reliable determination of inorganic and organic analytes.

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This article provides an overview of the current status of research involving the photochemical behavior of transition metal complexes in the following important areas: medicine, biology and materials science including some of the experiences of the writer. Coverage is selective, generally focusing on highlights and the most recent developments, with the broad aim of showing the interdisciplinary field of inorganic photochemistry.

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This work describes the study the adsorption of a cationic surfactant, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) in the hydrous niobium phosphate matrix. The matrix was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (DRX), thermal analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface area measurements (BET). The Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal models were used in the CTAB adsorption study. The adsorption process wasn`t favorable for the NbOPO4.nH2O in both studied models.

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There are different concepts in electrochemistry that must be supported by a laboratory practice to better understand their importance in industrial applications. This work reports the procedure for manufacturing an electrodialyzer in series of two or more compartments with easy manipulation. Likewise, it reports the results obtained by using this system in the nitrate elimination from synthetic NaNO3 solutions at different concentrations. Among other results obtained in the electrodialysis of these solutions, the one that stands out is the demonstration of the linear relationship between the limiting current, obtained from the polarization curves, and nitrate concentration. Additionally, implementation of the separation treatment shows that the time of elimination of practically all ionic species depends on their concentration in solution and ranges between 50 and 80 min.

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The Problem Based Learning (PBL) can be used as a strategy for methodological change in conventional learning environments. In this paper, the integration of laboratory work in PBL grounded activities during an introductory organic chemistry course is described. The most decisive issues of their implementation are discussed. The results show how this methodology favours the laboratory work contextualization in subject-matter and promotes the Science-Technology-Society-Environment relationships. Besides, it contributes to competence development like planning and organization skills, information search and selection, cooperative work, etc., the same way as the tutorial action improvement.

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Air samples of fine (PM2,5) and coarse (PM2,5-10) particulate matter were collected in São José dos Campos from February 2004 to February 2005. Average PM10 mass concentrations was 31.2 ± 14.0 μg m-3, half of which belonging to the PM2.5 fraction. Ammonium and SO4(2-) were predominantly found in the fine fraction. Average (NH4)2SO4 concentration was estimated to be about 2.9 μg m-3. Chloride, Na+ and NO3- were mostly associated with PM2,5-10. Chloride deficits with respect to sea-salt Cl/Na ratio were found in both size fractions.

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We describe herein the synthesis and characterization of the complexes KNiF3, [Ni(en)3]I2, [Ni(en)3]Cl2, [Ni(acac)2(H2O)2], [Ni(en)2(H2O)2]Cl2 and [Ni(NH3)6](BF4)2 (en = ethylenediamine, acac- = acetylacetonate) performed in the inorganic synthesis major course at the Chemistry Institute of UFRGS (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul). The compounds were characterized by infrared and electronic spectroscopy and the electrolytic conductivity was measured. The parameters 10Dq and B were obtained from the electronic spectra and the nefelauxetic and spectrochemical series were determined. The obtained spectrochemical series was F- < acac- < NH3 < en and the nefeulaxetic series was en < NH3 < acac- < F-.

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Avaliou-se o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e o teor de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) da cana-de­açúcar e das silagens de capim-elefante, de milho e de sorgo em ovinos. Além disso, estimou-se o teor de NDT de acordo com o sistema de equações proposto pelo NRC (2001). Foram utilizados 20 ovinos, sem raça definida, machos, castrados, alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo quatro tratamentos (volumosos) e cinco repetições (animais). A determinação da digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi realizada pela coleta total de fezes, com uso de sacolas coletoras. A comparação dos valores de NDT observados e estimados foi feita por meio do ajuste do modelo de regressão linear simples dos valores preditos sobre os valores observados. Os ovinos alimentados com as silagens consumiram maiores quantidades (P < 0,05) de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) em relação aos alimentados com cana-de-açúcar. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) para o consumo de NDT entre as silagens. As digestibilidades aparentes da MS, MO, PB e EE não diferiram (P > 0,05) entre os tratamentos. Constataram-se diferenças (P < 0,05) entre os valores estimados e observados de NDT e das frações digestíveis da PB, da FDN e dos carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF). As equações propostas pelo NRC (2001) mostraram-se inadequadas para estimar o valor energético dos volumosos para ovinos.

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A ausência de sementes em frutos cítricos é uma característica altamente desejável e há demanda crescente por esses frutos, por consumidores mais exigentes. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se, avaliar algumas características físicoquímicas dos frutos de oito variedades apirênicas, recém-introduzidas na Zona da Mata Mineira. Avaliaram-se cinco frutos de cada uma das três plantas que compõem cada acesso no matrizeiro. Os frutos foram colhidos e levados ao laboratório, onde foram determinados a coloração da casca e polpa, altura e diâmetro do fruto, espessura da casca, presença de granulação, contagem do número de gomos, rendimento de suco, ATT, SST e ratio (SST/ATT). As variedades 'Okitsu' e 'Ortanique' apresentaram melhor coloração de casca e polpa. A granulação foi observada em 'Okitsu', 'Clemenules', 'Nova' e 'Marisol'. 'Salustiana', 'Navelina' e 'Ortanique' apresentaram os melhores rendimentos de suco e ausência total de granulação. Os maiores teores de SST e ATT foram observados em 'Salustiana' e 'Clemenules'. O ratio, no intervalo considerado adequado, foi observado nas variedades 'Navelina' e 'Navelate', caracterizando a melhor adaptação. 'Ortanique' teve bom desempenho em todas as características avaliadas, exceto no ratio, por sua baixa acidez. As variedades 'Navelina', 'Navelate' e 'Ortanique', no conjunto geral das características, foram as que apresentaram frutos de melhor qualidade.