Retinal Detachment in Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is an obstetric disease of unknown cause that affects approximately 5% of pregnant women. The visual system may be affected with variable intensity, being the retinal detachment a rare complication. The retinal detachment in preeclampsia is usually bilateral and serous, and its pathogenesis is related to the choroidal ischemia secondary to an intense arteriolar vasospasm. The majority of patients have complete recovery of vision with clinical management, and surgery is unnecessary. This is a case report of a 27 year old patient who developed the severe form of preeclampsia on her first pregnancy. She had progressive blurred vision, until she could see only shadows. Ophthalmic examination diagnosed spread and bilateral retinal detachment. With blood pressure control at postpartum, the patient had her retina reattached, and recovery of vision.

Maternal Factors and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in Women with Preeclampsia in Maceió, Alagoas

Abstract Background: Preeclampsia has been associated with several risk factors and events. However, it still deserves further investigation, considering the multitude of related factors that affect different populations. Objective: To evaluate the maternal factors and adverse perinatal outcomes in a cohort of pregnant women with preeclampsia receiving care in the public health network of the city of Maceió. Methods: Prospective cohort study carried out in 2014 in the public health network of the city with a sample of pregnant women calculated based on a prevalence of preeclampsia of 17%, confidence level of 90%, power of 80%, and ratio of 1:1. We applied a questionnaire to collect socioeconomic, personal, and anthropometric data, and retrieved perinatal variables from medical records and certificates of live birth. The analysis was performed with Poisson regression and chi-square test considering p values < 0.05 as significant. Results: We evaluated 90 pregnant women with preeclampsia (PWP) and 90 pregnant women without preeclampsia (PWoP). A previous history of preeclampsia (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.57, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.47 - 1.67, p = 0.000) and black skin color (PR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.00 - 1.33, p = 0.040) were associated with the occurrence of preeclampsia. Among the newborns of PWP and PWoP, respectively, 12.5% and 13.1% (p = 0.907) were small for gestational age and 25.0% and 23.2% (p = 0.994) were large for gestational age. There was a predominance of cesarean delivery. Conclusion: Personal history of preeclampsia and black skin color were associated with the occurrence of preeclampsia. There was a high frequency of birth weight deviations and cesarean deliveries.

Overview of some biomedical research projects in tropical medicine conducted at the Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas

The Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC) is a government-funded multidisciplinary academic institution dedicated to research, development and technology in many areas of knowledge. Biomedical projects and publications comprise about 40% of the total at IVIC. In this article, we present an overview of some selected research and development projects conducted at IVIC which we believe contain new and important aspects related to malaria, ancylostomiasis, dengue fever, leishmaniasis and tuberculosis. Other projects considered of interest in the general area of tropical medicine are briefly described. This article was prepared as a small contribution to honor and commemorate the centenary of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.

Método clínico-crítico y etnografía en investigaciones sobre conocimientos sociales

El artículo señala la importancia de comprender los conocimientos sociales de los niños y niñas, situando sus construcciones en las relaciones sociales que se reproducen y actualizan en las prácticas cotidianas. Con este fin, se analizarán las contribuciones metodológicas y conceptuales de la antropología y la teoría psicogenética, y se argumentará que es posible construir un abordaje que articule aspectos trabajados en ambos campos disciplinares. Se revisarán las características centrales del método clínico-crítico y de la etnografía, destacando sus potencialidades y límites. Aquí se hará hincapié en la utilización de entrevistas. A su vez, se sostendrá que, dentro de una aproximación etnográfica, es necesario resignificar el método clínico de acuerdo con los presupuestos antropológicos.

Prediction of preeclampsia by means of Doppler flowmetry of uterine artery and flow-mediated dilation of brachial artery

Objective To evaluate the association of Doppler of uterine artery and flow-mediated dilation of brachial artery (FMD) in the assessment of placental perfusion and endothelial function to predict preeclampsia. Materials and Methods A total of 91 patients considered as at risk for developing preeclampsia were recruited at the prenatal unit of the authors' institution. All the patients underwent FMD and Doppler of uterine arteries between their 24th and 28th gestational weeks. Calculations of sensitivity and specificity for both isolated and associated methods were performed. Results Nineteen out of the 91 patients developed preeclampsia, while the rest remained normotensive. Doppler flowmetry of uterine arteries with presence of bilateral protodiastolic notch had sensitivity of 63.1% and specificity of 87.5% for the prediction of preeclampsia. Considering a cutoff value of 6.5%, FMD showed sensitivity of 84.2% and specificity of 73.6%. In a parallel analysis, as the two methods were associated, sensitivity was 94.2% and specificity, 64.4%. Conclusion The association of Doppler study of uterine arteries and FMD has proved to be an interesting clinical strategy for the prediction of preeclampsia, which may represent a positive impact on prenatal care of patients considered as at high-risk for developing such a condition.

Early screening for preeclampsia

Preeclampsia, which affects about 3 to 5% of pregnant women, is the most frequent medical complication in pregnancy and the most important cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. During the past three decades, numerous clinical, biophysical, and biochemical screening tests have been proposed for the early detection of preeclampsia. Literature shows large discrepancies in the sensitivity and predictive value of several of these tests. No single screening test used for preeclampsia prediction has gained widespread acceptance into clinical practice. Instead, its value seems to be in increasing the predictive value of panels of tests, which include other clinical measurements. The aim of this review was to examine the combination of maternal risk factors, mean arterial blood pressure, and uterine artery Doppler, together with biomarkers in the preeclampsia prediction.

Polymorphism in the lymphotoxin-alpha gene, position +252 (rs909253), is not associated with preeclampsia development in Brazilian women

PURPOSE: To investigate the frequencies of polymorphic allele and genotypes for the LT-α gene, position +252 (rs909253), in Brazilian women with preeclampsia.METHODS: This is a case-control study, in which 30 women with preeclampsia, classified according to the criteria of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program, and 115 women in the control group, with at least two healthy pregnancies, were selected. Peripheral blood was collected, and DNA was extracted, followed by genotyping, using specific primers and restriction analysis. The genotypes obtained were AA, AG and GG. Statistical analysis was performed using the χ2association test. The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium was tested using the Haploview Program.RESULTS: The results showed no association between genotypes and preeclampsia development (χ2=2.0; p=0.4). When the AG and GG genotypes were grouped according to allele G presence or absence (genotype AA), the data showed that the presence of allele G was not significantly different between cases (women with preeclampsia) and controls (χ2=0.0; p=1.0). The LT-α gene polymorphism, position +252 (rs909253), seems not to be an important candidate for the development of preeclampsia. Other inflammatory genes should be researched, and studies involving gene-environment interactions should be performed, in order to reach a better understanding of the etiology of the preeclampsia.

Calciuria and preeclampsia

Urinary calcium excretion has been reported to be diminished in preeclampsia. The objective of the present study was to determine urinary calcium excretion in pregnant patients with chronic arterial hypertension (CAH) and preeclampsia (PE), and in normotensive patients (N). Forty-four pregnant patients (gestional age, 20-42 weeks; 18 CAH, 17 PE, 9 N) were evaluated for calciuria, proteinuria, plasma uric acid and blood pressure. Patients with PE (82 ± 15.1 mg/24 h) showed significantly lower calciuria (P<0.05) than the group with CAH (147 ± 24.9 mg/24 h) and the N group (317 ± 86.0 mg/24 h) (P<0.05, Student t-test). Plasma uric acid was significantly higher in the PE group (6.1 ± 0.38 mg/dl) than the CAH group (5.0 ± 0.33 mg/dl; P<0.05), which also presented higher proteinuria levels, although the difference was not statistically significant. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure did not differ between the PE (164 ± 105 mmHg) and CAH (164 ± 107 mmHg) groups. Calciuria was significantly lower in the group with preeclampsia than in the group with chronic arterial hypertension. We conclude that calciuria can be a further factor for identifying preeclampsia

Preeclampsia: from epidemiological observations to molecular mechanisms

Preeclampsia is the main cause of maternal mortality and is associated with a five-fold increase in perinatal mortality in developing countries. In spite of this, the etiology of preeclampsia is unknown. The present article analyzes the contradictory results of the use of calcium supplementation in the prevention of preeclampsia, and tries to give an explanation of these results. The proposal of an integrative model to explain the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia is discussed. In this proposal we suggest that preeclampsia is caused by nutritional, environmental and genetic factors that lead to the creation of an imbalance between the free radicals nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrate in the vascular endothelium. The adequate interpretation of this model would allow us to understand that the best way of preventing preeclampsia is the establishment of an adequate prenatal control system involving adequate antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplementation, adequate diagnosis and early treatment of asymptomatic urinary and vaginal infections. The role of infection in the genesis of preeclampsia needs to be studied in depth because it may involve a fundamental change in the prevention and treatment of preeclampsia.

Markers of insulin resistance and sedentary lifestyle are predictors of preeclampsia in women with adverse obstetric results

Some thrombophilias and severe preeclampsia may increase the risk for preterm deliveries and fetal death due to placental insufficiency. Our objective was to evaluate clinical and laboratory data as predictors of preeclampsia in a population of mothers with 3rd trimester fetal losses or preterm deliveries. In a longitudinal retrospective study, 54 consecutive women (age range: 16 to 39 years) with normotensive pregnancies were compared to 79 consecutive women with preeclampsia (age range: 16 to 43 years). Weight accrual rate (WAR) was arbitrarily defined as weight gain from age 18 years to the beginning of pregnancy divided by elapsed years. Independent predictors of preeclampsia were past history of oligomenorrhea, WAR >0.8 kg/years, pre-pregnancy or 1st trimester triglyceridemia >150 mg/dL, and elevated acanthosis nigricans in the neck. In a multivariate logistic regression model, two or more predictors conferred an odds ratio of 15 (95%CI [5.9-37]; P < 0.001) to develop preeclampsia (85% specificity, 73% sensitivity, c-statistic of 81 ± 4%; P < 0.0001). Clinical markers related to insulin resistance and sedentary lifestyles are strong independent predictors of preeclampsia in mothers with 3rd trimester fetal losses or preterm deliveries due to placental insufficiency. Women at risk for preeclampsia in this particular population might benefit from measures focused on overcoming insulin resistance.

Aspirin plus calcium supplementation to prevent superimposed preeclampsia: a randomized trial

Preeclampsia is an important cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have tested calcium supplementation and aspirin separately to reduce the incidence of preeclampsia but not the effects of combined supplementation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of aspirin combined with calcium supplementation to prevent preeclampsia in women with chronic hypertension. A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial was carried out at the antenatal clinic of a large university hospital in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. A total of 49 women with chronic hypertension and abnormal uterine artery Doppler at 20-27 weeks gestation were randomly assigned to receive placebo (N = 26) or 100 mg aspirin plus 2 g calcium (N = 23) daily until delivery. The main outcome of this pilot study was development of superimposed preeclampsia. Secondary outcomes were fetal growth restriction and preterm birth. The rate of superimposed preeclampsia was 28.6% lower among women receiving aspirin plus calcium than in the placebo group (52.2 vs 73.1%, respectively, P=0.112). The rate of fetal growth restriction was reduced by 80.8% in the supplemented group (25 vs 4.8% in the placebo vs supplemented groups, respectively; P=0.073). The rate of preterm birth was 33.3% in both groups. The combined supplementation of aspirin and calcium starting at 20-27 weeks of gestation produced a nonsignificant decrease in the incidence of superimposed preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction in hypertensive women with abnormal uterine artery Doppler.

Percepción sobre el desarrollo sostenible de las MYPE en el Perú

El presente artículo trata de las percepciones de futuros profesionales universitarios sobre las actividades de responsabilidad social de las micro y pequeñas empresas (MYPE) en el Perú. El artículo tiene como finalidad contribuir a un mejor entendimiento de cómo implementar programas de responsabilidad social en universidades. Para esto, se construyó una escala y se aplicó a 506 estudiantes universitarios de pregrado en cinco universidades. De los resultados del estudio se puede concluir de manera general que los estudiantes universitarios tienen una baja percepción sobre las actividades de responsabilidad social que realizan las MYPE. Esto resalta la importancia de la incorporación de cursos sobre responsabilidad social en la malla curricular de las universidades, para que enriquezcan la enseñanza y nuevas investigaciones en esta materia. En consecuencia, se reconoce la necesidad de plantear un enfoque interdisciplinario para la enseñanza a nivel teórico y transdisciplinario a nivel de la práctica, que aseguren la generación y aplicación de nuevos conocimientos sobre la responsabilidad social con una orientación hacia el desarrollo sostenible.

Prevalencia del alcoholismo durante tres décadas en Chile (1952-1982)

Mediante el método de Jellinek se estudió la evolución del número de alcohólicos y de la tasa de prevalencia de alcoholismo en Chile y sus variaciones entre los años 1952 y 1982. Se señalan los sesgos y limitaciones de la metodología empleada y se comparan los resultados obtenidos con los de otras investigaciones chilenas. Se concluye que ha habido un incremento del número de alcohólicos y de la tasa de alcoholismo en el periodo analizado que para 1982 es un 70% mayor que para 1952. Este incremento ha sido irregular y fluctuante. Nuestros resultados cuestionan la eficacia de las políticas de prevención del alcoholismo llevadas a cabo en el período.

Asociación entre plomo en sangre y parámetros sociodemográficos en población infantil

OBJETIVO: Establecer la relación entre concentración de plomo en sangre (Pb-S) y parámetros demográficos y socioeconómicos, en una población infantil. METODOS: Se estableció la relación entre la concentración de plomo en sangre (Pb-S), de 243 niños (promedio de edad 5,94±2,78 años), que asistieron al Centro de Investigaciones Toxicológicas de la Universidad de Carabobo (CITUC), Venezuela (periodo 1998-2000). Se utilizó tecnología de Sistemas Geográficos de Información (SGI), ubicando espacialmente a los niños, asociando de forma gráfica la procedencia de éstos con los resultados analíticos. RESULTADOS: El promedio de Pb-S de la población total (11,62 ug/dl), fue significativamente superior al límite permisible (CDC=10 ug/dl). El número de niños con valores superiores al límite permisible de Pb-S (VSLP) [150; 61,7%], fue significativamente alto (p<0,01) con respecto a la población total. Al asociar mediante regresión logística, la frecuencia de niños con VSLP con los sectores de procedencia, se demostró que los sectores 12, 16 y 28 presentaron correlaciones parciales directas significativas (R=0,1189; p<0,01; R=0,1202, p<0,01 y R=0,1189; p<0,01 respectivamente). Al asociar la frecuencia de niños con VSLP y su categorización socioeconómica, el análisis de regresión logística reveló que para los niños con VSLP, la probabilidad de pertenecer a la categorización C se incrementa en un factor de 7.286. CONCLUSIÓNS: El estudio confirma que la utilización de SGI y métodos epidemiológico-estadísticos, extiende las posibilidades de prevención de enfermedades producidas por contaminantes como el Pb y que correlacionando datos geográficos y de salud, se pueden identificar áreas de "alto riesgo", conduciendo a una acción pro-activa de salud pública.