Preserved xenogenic amniotic membrane as a patch on the repair of superficial corneal ulcers in rabbits

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of canine amniotic membrane, previously preserved in glycerin, used as a patch on the repair of experimentally-made superficial corneal ulcers and to compare corneal epithelization between the treated and non-treated groups. Xenogeneic amniotic membranes were collected aseptically and preserved in 99% glycerin at room temperature. Each animal was anesthetized and submitted to superficial corneal keratectomy of the left eye. The treated group received a fragment of canine amniotic membrane as a patch, while the control group had no treatment. The treated group showed blepharospasm, ocular discharge and conjunctival congestion. The membrane accelerated corneal repair in the beginning of the process, however, it delayed its conclusion (p<0.05). Treated eyes showed greater vessel formation and decreased corneal transparency (p<0.05). The stroma of the control group was thicker than that of the treated group (p<0.05). We suggest that amniotic membrane used in this manner can be applied as a therapy for superficial corneal ulcers in the beginning phases of the repair process.

Ecological aspects of American cutaneous leishmaniasis: 6. Man-biting sandfly fauna of a patch of residual forest in the middle and north-eastern region of the São Paulo State, Brazil

This report shows the phlebotomine vectorial role in the endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis situated in the middle and north-eastern region of the São Paulo, Brazil. Analysis of information encloses a sandfly man-biting fauna of four different patches of residual forest. So, using the human-bait and Shannon trap for a period of one year we have caught 16,869 sandflies. The predominance of Lutzomyia intermedia (85,6%) was clear. Moreover, the low density of Lutzomyia whitmani and Lutzomyia pessoai and their epidemiological implications at present and in the past are discussed. Information about the daily activity of some species is given and we emphasize for the first time, the diurnal activity of Lutzomyia firmatoi in the São Paulo State.

Late Results of Endoventricular Patch Plasty Repair in Akinetic and Dyskinetic Areas After Acute Myocardial Infarction

OBJECTIVE - To assess the surgical results of endoventricular patch plasty repair in akinetic and dyskinetic left ventricular areas. METHODS - We studied 52 patients who had undergone endoventricular patch plasty repair associated with myocardial revascularization. The preoperative functional class distribution was as follows: class I in 1 (1.9%) patient; class II in 2 (3.8%) patients; class III in 23 (44.2%) patients; and class IV in 26 (50%) patients. RESULTS - The immediate mortality rate was 7.6% (4 patients). The clinical outcome of 44 patients followed up within a mean postoperative time of 29±25 months was as follows: class I in 33 (75%) patients; class II in 7 (15.9%) patients; class III in 2 (4.5%) patients; and class IV in 2 (4.5%) patients. Comparison between pre- and postoperative catheterization in 21 patients showed that the ejection fraction increased from 46.3% to 51.3% (p=0. 17); the left ventricular systolic volume decreased from 76.4 mL to 57.5 mL, (p=0.078); and the left ventricular diastolic volume decreased from 141.2 mL to 105.8 mL (p=0.0 73). These findings showed the tendency toward improvement, but with nonsignificant results. CONCLUSION - The technique proved to be effective, to have a low mortality rate, to cause significant clinical improvement, an increase in ejection fraction, and a reduction in left ventricular volumes.

Feeding preference of the sand flies Lutzomyia umbratilis and L. spathotrichia (diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in an urban forest patch in the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

Precipitin tests were performed on blood meals of 199 sand flies (161 Lutzomyia umbratilis, 34 L. spathotrichia, two Lutzomyia of group shannoni, one L. anduzei) in a non-flooded upland forest on the Campus of the Universidade Federal do Amazonas. This is the second largest forest fragment in an urban setting in Brazil. Results on L. umbratilis, which is considered to be the principal leishmaniasis vector in this region, indicated rodents as its predominant blood source in contrast to previous reports in which blood meal analysis indicated that this species fed principally on Xenarthra (particularly sloths)

Edith Magalhaes Fraenkel: The greatest figure of Brazilian Nursing

The present study aimed to describe and analyze the career of Edith Magalhães Fraenkel and her important legacy to Brazilian nursing. The methodology chosen was a documentary analysis of her areas of participation based on documents of the Historical Cultural Center of Iberian-American School of Nursing of the University of São Paulo (Universidade de São Paulo, USP) and in the Rectory of the same University. The following thematic topics were categorized: preparation for leadership, moving to São Paulo, creation of the School of Nursing of USP, event organization, and unique developments at the end of her career. We conclude that Mrs. Edith Fraenkel is the most important figure of Brazilian nursing, thanks to her immeasurable work as a leader of the profession, nationally and internationally.

Patch-clamp detection of macromolecular translocation along nuclear pores

The present paper reviews the application of patch-clamp principles to the detection and measurement of macromolecular translocation along the nuclear pores. We demonstrate that the tight-seal 'gigaseal' between the pipette tip and the nuclear membrane is possible in the presence of fully operational nuclear pores. We show that the ability to form a gigaseal in nucleus-attached configurations does not mean that only the activity of channels from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope can be detected. Instead, we show that, in the presence of fully operational nuclear pores, it is likely that the large-conductance ion channel activity recorded derives from the nuclear pores. We conclude the technical section with the suggestion that the best way to demonstrate that the nuclear pores are responsible for ion channel activity is by showing with fluorescence microscopy the nuclear translocation of ions and small molecules and the exclusion of the same from the cisterna enclosed by the two membranes of the envelope. Since transcription factors and mRNAs, two major groups of nuclear macromolecules, use nuclear pores to enter and exit the nucleus and play essential roles in the control of gene activity and expression, this review should be useful to cell and molecular biologists interested in understanding how patch-clamp can be used to quantitate the translocation of such macromolecules into and out of the nucleus

A inter-relação trabalho-saúde mental: um estudo de caso

A autora, após sintetizar algumas das vertentes de estudo e conceitos atuais na temática da inter-relação trabalho-saúde mental, apresenta um estudo de caso individual. Trata-se do caso de um mecânico industrial do setor siderúrgico que desenvolveu um quadro psicopatol6gico. A evolução de manifestações de fadiga crônica e desencadeamento de uma crise mental aguda são examinadas em suas correlações ao hist6rico de vida e trabalho e a dinâmicas referidas às condições e à organização do trabalho no emprego atual.

Television y bebidas alcohólicas y analcohólicas

Dadas las implicancias educativas de la televisión, se decidió estudiar la frecuencia y características de los eventos con bebidas alcohólicas y analcohólicas en la televisión chilena utilizando el método ideado por Garlington. El registro fue hecho por períodos de media hora, distribuidos aleatoriamente, para cada observador, voluntaria perteneciente a una comuna que se caracteriza por su bajo nivel sociocultural; ellas monitorearon durante una semana, de Lunes a Viernes todos los programas transmitidos desde las 20:00 a las 24:00 horas. Se observó que, en promedio, por cada canal se transmite un evento de bebida alcohólica cada 24 minutos 19 segundos y uno de bebida no alcohólica cada 37 minutos y medio; las imágenes de bebida alcohólicas se incrementan a partir de las 21:30 horas. Del total de eventos, 60,7% corresponden a bebidas alcohólicas y de éstos el 61,1% tiene carácter publicitario. Los eventos relacionados con bebidas alcohólicas ocurren principalmente en la casa, por amistad y en forma de escenas, los con no alcohólicas en lugares desportivos, por amistad y en escena de ingestión.

Estado de salud bucodental de escolares residentes en localidades abastecidas con agua de consumo humano de muy alto y muy bajo contenido de fluoruros

Se describen y analizan los resultados de una investigación epidemiológica de corte transversal destinada a evaluar el estado de salud bucodental en escolares de 6-7 y 12-13 años residentes en Sampacho y Porteña, dos localidades de la Provincia de Córdoba (Argentina), abastecidas con agua de bebida que poseen cantidades deF- muy diferentes. En Sampacho, el nivel de F- es de 9,05 mg/l, en tanto que en Porteña la concentración es de 0,19 mg/l. La proporción de escolares (6-7 y 12-13 años) que no tuvo experiencia de caries fue significativamente mayor en Sampacho que en Porteña, mientras que los índices ceo-d, ceo-s, CPO-D y CPO-S resultaron considerablemente más altos en esta última localidad. La severidad de la enfermedad de caries en los niños de 12-13 años de Sampacho estuvo comprendida entre baja y moderada (CPO-D= 2,53), en tanto que en sus similares de Porteña alcanzó el grado de moderada a alta (CPO-D= 4,41). No se registró ningún caso de fluorosis dental en Porteña, mientras que en Sampacho hubo una alta proporción de niños que presentó fluorosis leve (6-7 años) y leve o intensa (12-13 años). Los niveles salivales de calcio, fosfatos, tiocianato, proteínas totales e Ig A secretoria fueron muy similares en los escolares de ambas localidades, y también entre niños con diferente experiencia de caries y distintos grados de fluorosis dental. Se concluye que son necesarias urgentes medidas sanitarias (preventivas y/o curativas) para reducir o controlar la enfermedad de caries en Porteña y la fluorosis dental en Sampacho.

Evaluación del estado de salud bucodental en preescolares: estudio epidemiológico longitudinal (1993-1994), Córdoba, Argentina

Se realizó un estudio longitudinal de un año de duración en una muestra (n = 820) de la población preescolar de 4 años de la Ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina, para establecer la participación de diversas variables en la incidencia de caries. Los índices ceo-d, ceo-s, de higiene oral y de salud bucodental, como también las tasas de incidencia y los riesgos relativos de caries estuvieron inversamente relacionados con el Nivel Económicosocial (NES) de los niños. En los preescolares del NES III (proletariado típico, proletariado no típico y subproletariado), el riesgo relativo de experimentar caries fue casi cinco veces mayor (RR = 4,9) que en el NES I (burguesías empresarial y gerencial). En el NES I, la mayoría de las nuevas lesiones se localizaron en las superficies lisas (61,2%), mientras que en el NES III afectaron predominantemente las superficies oclusales de los molares (66,3%). El consumo diario de azúcares fue mayor en los niños del NES III, pero la experiencia de caries se correlacionó débilmente con la cantidad o frecuencia de ingesta de estos carbohidratos (r = 0,40 y 0,52, respectivamente). No se registraron diferencias significativas interniveles en los parámetros bioquímicos salivales analizados. El cepillado dental asistido y las aplicaciones tópicas fluoruradas disminuyeron fuertemente la incidencia de caries en los niños del NES III, reduciendo las correspondientes tasas a valores muy próximos a los del NES I (0,31, 0,23 y 0,22 vs. 0,21). Se concluye que los niños del NES III, por su susceptibilidad a la caries, deberían ser asistidos precozmente con medidas preventivas eficaces, como lo son el cepillado dental asistido y las aplicaciones tópicas fluoruradas.

Morbidade referida e busca de ajuda nos transtornos mentais na infância e adolescência

INTRODUÇÃO: A avaliação da taxa de prevalência de transtornos mentais na infância e adolescência contribui para o aumento do conhecimento de sua distribuição numa dada população e fornece dados para o planejamento, execução e avaliação dos serviços de saúde. Objetivou-se avaliar queixas referidas a "problemas dos nervos" na população de 1 a 19 anos, como forma de aproximação à questão da prevalência da doença mental nessa faixa etária. MÉTODOS: Foi estudado um grupo de 141 crianças e adolescentes com queixas referidas a "problemas dos nervos" a partir de um levantamento populacional realizado numa amostra de 3.158 indivíduos, residentes na região sudoeste da Grande São Paulo, de julho de 1989 a julho 1990. Foram analisados: tipos de queixas, causas referidas, idade, sexo e conduta. RESULTADOS: A prevalência obtida foi de 4,7%. Houve crescimento das queixas com o aumento da idade, predomínio do sexo masculino nos mais jovens e do feminino a partir dos 14 anos. A busca de ajuda foi referida em 22,6% dos casos e o preditor mais importante foi a gravidade da queixa. CONCLUSÕES: A taxa de prevalência encontrada referiu-se à capacidade de reconhecimento dos transtornos mentais pela população, refletindo a representação que a família tem destes problemas. Foi encontrada baixa procura de atendimento; foram apontadas as possíveis causas e discutidos mecanismos possíveis de intervenção para o resgate da necessidade não atendida.

Economic burden of expected epidemiological changes in diseases related to tobacco, Mexico

OBJECTIVE: To determine health care costs and economic burden of epidemiological changes in diseases related to tobacco consumption. METHODS: A time-series analysis in Mexico (1994-2005) was carried out on seven health interventions: chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, lung cancer with and without surgical intervention, asthma in smokers and non-smokers, full treatment course with nicotine gum, and full treatment course with nicotine patch. According with Box-Jenkins methodology, probabilistic models were developed to forecast the expected changes in the epidemiologic profile and the expected changes in health care services required for selected interventions. Health care costs were estimated following the instrumentation methods and validated with consensus technique. RESULTS: A comparison of the economic impact in 2006 vs. 2008 showed 20-90% increase in expected cases depending on the disease (p<0.05), and 25-93% increase in financial requirements (p<0.01). The study data suggest that changes in the demand for health services for patients with respiratory diseases related to tobacco consumption will continue showing an increasing trend. CONCLUSIONS: In economic terms, the growing number of cases expected during the study period indicates a process of internal competition and adds an element of intrinsic competition in the management of preventive and curative interventions. The study results support the assumption that if preventive programs remain unchanged, the increasing demands for curative health care may cause great financial and management challenges to the health care system of middle-income countries like Mexico.

Nickel Contact Dermatitis in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil: 1993-1994

This work consists in an evaluation of the occurrence of nickel contact dermatitis, its distribution between sexes and in which parts of the body the dermatitis usually occurs. It was accomplished a two year (1994-1995) retrospective study of 404 patch-tested patients which had previous clinical diagnosis of contact dermatitis. The occurrence of nickel sensitisation was 19,8%. 88,8% of these 19,8% were women and the rest, 11,2%, were men. The lesions were present predominantly on hands, forearms, earlobes and feet. The authors comment about possible variations of occurrence of nickel contact dermatitis in rural areas and/or tropical countries