BILINGÜISMO E OPÇÃO PELA SEGUNDA LÍNGUA EM CONTEXTO FORMAL: UMA POLÍTICA LINGÜÍSTICA INDEFINIDA?

Com este texto, temos o intuito de fazer uma reflexão sobre questões de bilingüismo, segunda língua e política lingüística para a escola. Para subsidiar esta discussão, partimos de pesquisas realizadas e em andamento na região oeste do Estado do Paraná, onde há situações consideradas sociolingüisticamente complexas: existência de cenários de fronteira com países hispano-falantes e cenários de bilingüismo por conta da colonização da região por imigrantes europeus. Estes dois fatores são responsáveis por uma situação de bilingüismo funcional, em que as línguas são usadas para fins socialmente determinados. Com base nesse cenário, este artigo tem como finalidade discutir questões de política lingüística com relação à escolha de segunda língua para o currículo escolar. O que se evidencia é uma espécie de “modismo” em relação a que língua escolher, desconsiderando-se as línguas “naturais” do contexto, que não possuem relevância política e econômica.

TRANSPOSITION OF FEMALE REPRESENTATIONS FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW WORLD

This article intends to perform an analysis related to the female representation in the first texts produced in American soil, in the period of the “discovery” of America and the first contact between cultures. The main texts of chroniclers approached are: Jean de Léry’s Viagem à Terra do Brasil, from 1578; Hans Staden’s Suas viagens e captiveiro entre os selvagens do Brasil, from 1557; João de Azpilcueta Navarro’s Cartas avulsas, from 1551; and Simão de Vasconcelos’, with Cronica da Companhia de Jesus do Estado de Brasil, from 1663. In this approach, our interest is to bring to memory the ways that the Europeans reacted when facing the existing cultural differences in the shock between the cultures, especially when facing the practice of cannibalism by the autochthonous people, and the way that the Europeans transmitted, through writing, these experiences to their compatriots. Highlighting specifically the way the women are presented in the reports at issue, bringing also a few illustrations, produced at the time of the first encounters, which allow the direct link of the autochthonous woman that practices the anthropophagic ritual with the figure of the witch that permeated the European popular imaginary of that time. Supporting the theoretical foundation of the proposed paper: Manuel Fernández Álvarez’s Casadas, monjas, rameras y brujas: la olvidada historia de la mujer española en el renacimiento (2002); Thomas Bonnici’s No limite da feminilidade: assassinas e bruxas – a mulher na sociedade inglesa dos séculos XVI e XVII (2003); e Kramer e Sprenger’s O Martelo das Feiticeiras (1486).

Children's Literature and Brazilian identity of black children

This article aims to analyze how the black child is characterized in relation to the stereotypes created around the black, in the course of Brazilian history in children's narratives, from a sociological approach to the literary text and the assumptions of comparative literature. To this end, we selected some childish narratives that feature characters black children, and you can see that these works reveal the transformations that occurred in Brazilian society with regard to black. This work is based on the theoretical support in the works of Rosangela Malachias and Florestan Fernandes, among others. The analysis was organized to observe the difficulties of identifying the black child before the European cultural dictates about the standard model of beauty. In general, one can observe that the production of works whose characters are black children intensified after the 1988 Constitution and the Law 10.639/2003. The literary discourse aimed at children, so undergoes changes before changes in society and shows a new socio-historical context in which minorities gain more space, but respect for differences yet to occur effectively in social relations that the black is really valued.