Evaluation des estimations indirectes de mortalité dans trois observatoires de population au Sénégal

En Afrique sub-saharienne, les recensements constituent une source de données fondamentale pour estimer la mortalité, en raison de l’incomplétude de l’enregistrement des décès à l'état civil. Afin d’évaluer la fiabilité des niveaux de mortalité qui peuvent en être déduits, nous appliquons différentes méthodes d’estimation à des extraits des recensements sénégalais de 2002 et 2013, couvrant trois observatoires de population situés à Bandafassi, Mlomp et Niakhar. Les taux de mortalité des moins de cinq ans tirés du nombre d’enfants nés vivants et survivants s’avèrent plus bas que les niveaux attendus au vu des données du suivi démographique. Les estimations déduites des déclarations sur la survie des parents sont largement inférieures aux niveaux de mortalité adulte réellement observés selon le suivi. Par contre, les taux de mortalité par âge basés sur les décès récents déclarés dans les ménages sont conformes aux données du suivi, sauf pour la mortalité infantile qui est sensiblement sous-déclarée en 2002. Cette évaluation confirme que les méthodes indirectes procurent des estimations qui ne peuvent être considérées isolément mais doivent plutôt être systématiquement comparées les unes aux autres. Des études d’évaluation directes menées au niveau individuel à l’aide d’appariements sont nécessaires pour mieux identifier les différentes sources de biais.

Santé et mortalité en Afrique sub-saharienne francophone : introduction à l’édition spéciale

This introduction underlies the specificities of the health transition that is underway in Francophone Africa to place the special issue in context. It also presents the different contributions collected in this issue and outlines new research directions suggested by these papers.

Le double fardeau épidémiologique chez les personnes âgées en milieu rural africain : tendances de mortalité et causes de décès à Nouna (Burkina Faso)

This study aims to quantify the phenomenon of the double epidemiological burden in Burkin-Faso. Data from Nouna Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) were used with a total of 4427 deaths among those aged 50 and over, between 1993 and 2012 (including 2323 for which a cause is clearly diagnosed). The share of deaths due to communicable diseases did not significantly decline over time (-13%; p-value=0.158) while the proportion of deaths from non-communicable causes increased significantly (+178%; p-value<0.001). This resulted primarily from a rise in mortality rates from cardiovascular disease, especially among men. The rise of cardiovascular diseases led to a reduction in the life expectancy at age 50 (-2.65 years) between 1997-2004 and 2005-2012. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases contributes to the double epidemiological burden among the elderly in Burkina Faso.

L’effet à long terme de la vie reproductive sur la mortalité des femmes en milieu rural sénégalais

Population ageing in sub-Saharan Africa raises new concerns about mature adult mortality patterns and differentials, but little is known in this region due to the lack of data. This study examines the long term effects of reproductive history on female mortality in three local rural areas in Senegal where population have been followed up for decades. We study mortality differentials according to the past reproductive history of females aged between 50 and 70 in the period 1985-2011. We find that age at first and last deliveries impact mortality levels, as does the number of children ever born. Looking at the sex of the childrenand their vital status at age 5, we note that the number of boys is negatively associated with mortality rates, by a larger extent than the number of girls. In virilocal societies, social factors probably have a strong impact. This result opens future research avenues on the issue of the care of the elderly.

The Outcome of Infantile Onset Pompe Disease in South of Iran

Background: Infantile Onset Pompe Disease (IOPD) is a rare autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder. It is associated with cardiomegaly, hypotonia, paresis, and death in the first year of life. Since 2006, following the use of Alglucosidase alfa as Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT), the patients’ survival is improved to a noticeable extent. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the outcome of IOPD patients in South of Iran and the degree of responsiveness to ERT. Patients and Methods: All patients who were diagnosed with IOPD on the bases of clinical symptoms, and enzyme assay on dried blood spot, were included in the study; and were followed up regarding cardiac function, locomotor activity, and cognition. Results: Six patients with IOPD were identified. All these six patients suffered from Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM). Four (67%) of them also had generalized hypotonia. Three patients expired during the first weeks due to severe respiratory infection. One of them also got involved with Acute Cardiopulmonary Failure while receiving the fifth dose of ERT; and expired. However, the remaining two patients had a significant improvement after the maximum of 117 weeks of following up both cardiac and locomotor findings. These two patients were the same patients who showed cardiac symptoms from the beginning but did not have generalized hypotonia. Conclusions: Although ERT has a significant effect on enhancing the survival of IOPD patients, it should be associated with meticulous heart-respiratory cares during the first months of treatment and preventing infection especially nosocomial infections.

Lieu du décès au Burkina : influence des caractéristiques sociodémographiques et environnementales

This paper explores the factors associated with the place of death in Burkina Faso, based on mortality data from the Kaya Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Kaya HDSS). A multilevel logistic regression model with random intercept is used to determine the factors associated with the place of death. More than half of the deaths (55%) occur at home. Age, place of residence, distance to the health care centre and cause of death are statistically associated with the place of death. Seniors (50 and over) are more likely to die at home compared to other age grous (66.81 % against 35.9 % for 5-14 years and 44.9 among children under 5 years, p = 0.001). The multivariate results confirm the effect of age, place of residence, living standards quintile and cause of death. The high proportion of deaths occurring at home challenges policy makers in the health care system and calls for programs to adapt the supply of heath care.

Structures familiales, encadrement communautaire et survie des enfants. Une recherche en milieu rural malien

The influence of the family environment on child survival is difficult to study using retrospective data, especially in contexts where family structures are complex and where children are mobile. Data from a follow-up survey in rural Mali (1976-2009) are used here to address this question. Several indicators are constructed to test the effect of family structures on child mortality: morphology of the domestic group, availability of family resources, the child's place in the family and the presence of his or her parents. Bivariate and multivariate analyses find no difference in child mortality across different family environments. This finding suggests that the family and social networks still play a powerful role in regulating and managing risks of unequal treatment and care of children

Surmortalité des enfants dans les quartiers informels de Ouagadougou : effet de composition ou effet de contexte ?

En Afrique sub-saharienne, les auteurs cherchant à expliquer la surmortalité des enfants des quartiers informels ont rarement essayé de dissocier les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des parents, d’une part, et les effets de contexte, d’autre part, en utilisant une définition « locale » de ces quartiers. Le différentiel de mortalité entre les quartiers formels et informels de la capitale du Burkina Faso est analysé ici à l’aide des données de l’Observatoire de Population de Ouagadougou. Les analyses reposent sur le calcul des taux de mortalité, et sur le modèle de régression de Cox. Au-delà des effets de l’instruction de la mère, de l’âge de la mère, et du niveau de vie du ménage, la résidence dans les quartiers informels est positivement associée à la mortalité des enfants. L’amélioration des conditions sanitaires dans ces quartiers, et un meilleur accès aux services de santé sont deux préalables à la baisse de la mortalité des enfants.

Dynamiques urbaines et santé des enfants en Afrique subsaharienne : Perspectives théoriques

Les enjeux de développement en rapport avec la santé urbaine des enfants en Afrique sub-saharienne deviennent d’autant plus importants qu’on a eu à observer dans certaines villes un paradoxe sanitaire se traduisant par une mortalité relativement plus élevée que celle du milieu rural. En outre, concilier la croissance rapide des villes africaines avec l’objectif d’un environnement sanitaire adéquat et adapté à l’ampleur et à la diversité des besoins relève du défi. Cet article propose un état des lieux critique de la littérature sur la santé urbaine, à travers une synthèse de 82 travaux scientifiques portant sur les relations entre dynamiques urbaines et sanitaires. L’étude accorde un regard particulier à la santé des enfants en Afrique subsaharienne francophone. Cette synthèse met en évidence les points de convergences et de divergences de santé urbaine, et aborde aussi, sous un angle critique, les aspects méthodologiques. Elle met en évidence une pluralité de situations sanitaires urbaines, ainsi que la complexité des mécanismes explicatifs des relations entre dynamique urbaine et santé des populations.

Factors Influencing Children’s Full Immunization in Ethiopia

Child morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia is mainly due to vaccine preventable diseases. Although numerous interventions have been made since the 1980’s to increase vaccination coverage, the level of full immunization is low in the country. This study examines factors influencing children’s full immunization based on data on 1927 children aged 12-23 months extracted from the 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Multinomial logistic regression model was fitted to identify predictors of full immunization. The result shows that only 24.3% of the children were fully immunized. There was significant difference between regions in immunization coverage in which Tigray, Dire Dawa, and Addis Ababa performed well. In Oromia, Afar, Somali, Benishangul-Gumuz, and Gambela regions, the likelihood of children’s full immunization was significantly lower. Children born to mothers living in households with better socio-economic status, with frequent access to media, and who visit health facilities for antenatal care were more likely to be fully immunized. The results imply the importance of narrowing regional differences, improving women’s socio-economic status and utilization of antenatal care services, and strengthening culture-sensitive media campaign as a means of achieving full immunization of all children

Kawasaki Disease and Peripheral Gangrene in Infancy

Introduction: Early diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease as the most common cause of acquired heart disease in childhood, may significantly improve the prognosis. Diagnosing infantile Kawasaki (younger than a year) is difficult because of obscure symptoms; at the same time they are at the higher risk of coronary abnormalities. Case Presentation: We report three infants with prolonged (more than 5 days) fever and peripheral gangrene without any other clinical manifestations of Kawasaki disease. Kawasaki was diagnosed due to dilation of coronary artery and other aortic branches, thrombocytosis, and rising of ESR and CRP. All patients were treated with high dose aspirin, IVIG and pulse therapy with methylprednisolone. Additionally, cytotoxic drugs or infliximab were used for two of them because of severe aneurysms in the aortic branches. All 3 patients received aspirin with anti-platelet aggregation dose and 2 patients heparin as an anti-coagulant agent for longtime. After adequate treatment, peripheral gangrene, arterial dilations and aneurysms improved, but during 12 months follow-up coronary aneurysms did not improve completely. Conclusions: Peripheral gangrene must be regarded as an important sign of infantile Kawasaki disease early treatment of which can prevent severe permanent coronary involvements and sequels.

Submucosal Hemangioma of the Trachea in an Infant: Diagnosis and Follow-Up with 3D-CT/Bronchoscopy

Introduction: Infantile hemangiomas of the airway are diagnosed at bronchoscopy as part of the investigation of stridor or other respiratory symptoms. Here, we present three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT)/bronchoscopy findings of submucosal subglottic hemangioma missed at bronchoscopy. Case Presentation: We report on the clinical usefulness of 3D-CT/bronchoscopy as the primary diagnostic tool and follow-up method in the evaluation of suspected airway infantile hemangiomas, especially when the hemangioma is the submucosal type. Conclusions: 3D-CT/bronchoscopy will reduce the need for invasive laryngoscopic studies and help to diagnose submucosal hemangiomas undetected on laryngoscope. Additionally, 3D-CT/bronchoscopy will help evaluating the extent of the lesion, degree of airway narrowing, and treatment response.