ABUNDÂNCIA NATURAL DE 15N E FORMAS DE NITROGÊNIO EM ARGISSOLO CULTIVADO COM EUCALIPTO E ACÁCIA

O nitrogênio e um dos nutrientes mais demandados pelas espécies vegetais, sua presença no solo, sob formas orgânicas ou minerais disponíveis para as plantas, está vinculada à qualidade e quantidade dos resíduos vegetais aportados ao solo. O estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a influência do cultivo do eucalipto e da acácia na composição das formas orgânicas e inorgânicas de N e, na abundância natural de 15N em um Argissolo Amarelo. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras de solo e serapilheira em monocultivos do Eucalyptus urograndis (clone do Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake x Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Spreng) de ciclo curto (sete anos), sistemas de cultivo de rotação com acácia ( Acacia mangium Willd.) após monocultivo de eucalipto, monocultivo de eucalipto de ciclo longo (24 anos) e mata nativa (Mata Atlântica) como condição original de solo do litoral Norte do Espírito do Santo. Foram avaliados os teores de C orgânico total, N total, N-NH4+, N-NO3-, relação C/N, fracionamento do N orgânico e abundância natural de 15N no solo e serapilheira. Das formas de N-orgânico hidrolisado, o N-amino foi a fração que apresentou maior contribuição (39%), seguida pela fração de N-não identificado (27%), da fração N-amida (18%) e N-hexosamina (15%). O povoamento de acácia promoveu menor abundância natural de 15N e maiores teores de N total e C orgânico no solo e aumentou as formas orgânicas de N-hidrolisado, quando comparado àqueles de eucalipto de ciclo curto. Isso indica o aumento de formas lábeis de N orgânico no solo para as plantas e redução da humificação da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) de acácia. Nesse sentido, a rotação de cultivos florestais com acácia após eucalipto de ciclo curto contribuiu para o aumento de formas orgânicas no solo, importantes para a nutrição de plantas, por serem potenciais fontes de nutrientes às plantas em curto período de tempo.

EDUCATION, TRAINING AND AWARENESS OF LAWS AS DETERMINANTS OF COMPLIANCE WITH PLANT PROTECTION LAW: THE CASE OF PESTICIDE USE PRACTICES IN TANZANIA

Pesticide residues in food and environment pose serious health risks to human beings. Plant protection laws, among other things, regulate misuse of agricultural pesticides. Compliance with such laws consequently reduces risks of pesticide residues in food and the environment. Studies were conducted to assess the compliance with plant protection laws among tomato farmers in Mvomero District, Morogoro Region, Tanzania. Compliance was assessed by examining pesticide use practices that are regulated by the Tanzanian Plant Protection Act (PPA) of 1997. A total of 91 tomato farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Purposive sampling was used in selecting at least 30 respondent farmers from each of the three villages of Msufini, Mlali and Doma in Mvomero District, Morogoro Region. Simple Random Sampling was used to obtain respondents from the sampling frame. Individual and social factors were examined on how they could affect pesticide use practices regulated by the law. Descriptive statistics, mainly frequency, were used to analyze the data while associations between variables were determined using Chi-Square and logistic regression model. The results showed that respondents were generally aware of the existence of laws on agriculture, environment and consumer health, although none of them could name a specific Act. The results revealed further that 94.5% of the farmers read instructions on the pesticides label. However, only 21% used the correct doses of pesticides, 40.7% stored pesticides in special stores, 68.1% used protective gear, while 94.5% always read instructions on the label before using a pesticide product. Training influenced the application rate of pesticide (p < 0.001) while awareness of agricultural laws significantly influenced farmers’ tendency to read information on the labels (p < 0.001). The results showed further that education significantly influenced the use of protective gears by farmers (p = 0.042). Education also significantly affected the manner in which farmers stored pesticide-applying equipment (p = 0.024). Furthermore, farmers’ awareness of environmental laws significantly (p = 0.03) affected farmers’ disposal of empty pesticide containers. Results of this study suggest the need for express provisions on safe use and handling of pesticides and related offences in the Act, and that compliance should be achieved through education rather than coercion. Results also suggest establishment of pesticide disposal mechanisms and structures to reduce unsafe disposal of pesticide containers. It is recommended that farmers should be educated and trained on proper use of pesticides. Farmers’ awareness on laws affecting food, environment and agriculture should be improved.