EFFECT OF SORGHUM SEED TREATMENT IN BURKINA FASO VARIES WITH BASELINE CROP PERFORMANCE AND GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

Sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a major subsistence crop throughout the region of Sahel. With the exception of seeds and labour, no agricultural inputs are in general used in sorghum production since the grain is of a relatively low commercial value and the risk of losing the crop to drought, flooding, etc. is substantial. A meta-analysis of 118 field experiments was carried out to identify conditions in which two protective seed treatments could support a yield increase of sorghum in Burkina Faso. The two treatments were: i) treatment with the pesticide Calthio C (thiram and chlorpyrifos) and ii) treatment with an aqueous extract from the plant Eclipta alba . Both treatments were found to produce a yield increase (Medians: Calthio C +199 kg ha-1, P<2x10-9; E. alba +90.5 kg ha-1 P<4x10-4). A strong relative effect of Calthio C on yield (+36%) was found for field experiments with a low baseline yield. A strong relative effect of E. alba extract on yield (+22%) was found for experiments with a low baseline of emergence. ANOVA of the 118 field tests showed that baseline crop performance (yield and emergence) and the effect of seed treatments were strongly linked to geographical location (twelve different villages included). Roots from sorghum in the village showing the strongest effect of both seed treatments (>40% yield increase) were found to carry a comparatively high load of the infectious ascomycetes: Fusarium equiseti , Macrophomina phaseolina and Curvularia lunata .

Le double fardeau épidémiologique chez les personnes âgées en milieu rural africain : tendances de mortalité et causes de décès à Nouna (Burkina Faso)

This study aims to quantify the phenomenon of the double epidemiological burden in Burkin-Faso. Data from Nouna Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) were used with a total of 4427 deaths among those aged 50 and over, between 1993 and 2012 (including 2323 for which a cause is clearly diagnosed). The share of deaths due to communicable diseases did not significantly decline over time (-13%; p-value=0.158) while the proportion of deaths from non-communicable causes increased significantly (+178%; p-value<0.001). This resulted primarily from a rise in mortality rates from cardiovascular disease, especially among men. The rise of cardiovascular diseases led to a reduction in the life expectancy at age 50 (-2.65 years) between 1997-2004 and 2005-2012. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases contributes to the double epidemiological burden among the elderly in Burkina Faso.

Analyse Multiniveau des Facteurs Associés au Retard dans la Vaccination des Enfants au Burkina Faso et au Mali

Plusieurs études effectuées dans les pays développés et les pays anglophones d’Afrique montrent que le contexte influence le statut vaccinal des enfants ainsi que l’administration de certains vaccins spécifiques. Cependant, peu d’études ont porté spécifiquement sur les pays d’Afrique francophone, particulièrement ceux du Sahel comme le Burkina Faso et le Mali. En analysant les données provenant des enquêtes démographiques et de santé du Burkina Faso (2010) et du Mali (2006) à travers une approche de régression logistique multiniveau, cet article évalue dans quelle mesure le contexte influence le respect du calendrier vaccinal des enfants de 12 à 59 mois. Les résultats montrent que les variances contextuelles demeurent significatives dans le modèle final même si le respect du calendrier vaccinal reste surtout tributaire des caractéristiques individuelles de l’enfant. Notamment, au Mali, plus le niveau de vie moyen du district de recensement augmente, plus le risque pour un enfant de recevoir un vaccin en retard diminue. Ces résultats invitent les acteurs de la santé publique à mettre en œuvre des approches communautaires ciblant les barrières locales qui empêchent une vaccination correcte des enfants dans ces deux pays.

Endoscopic capacity in West Africa.

Background: Levels of endoscopic demand and capacity in West Africa are unclear. Objectives: This paper aims to: 1. describe the current labor and endoscopic capacity, 2. quantify the impact of a mixed-methods endoscopy course on healthcare professionals in West Africa, and 3. quantify the types of diagnoses encountered. Methods: In a three-day course, healthcare professionals were surveyed on endoscopic resources and capacity and were taught through active observation of live cases, case discussion, simulator experience and didactics. Before and after didactics, multiplechoice exams as well as questionnaires were administered to assess for course efficacy. Also, a case series of 23 patients needing upper GI endoscopy was done. Results: In surveying physicians, less than half had resources to perform an EGD and none could perform an ERCP, while waiting time for emergency endoscopy in urban populations was at least one day. In assessing improvement in medical knowledge among participants after didactics, objective data paired with subjective responses was more useful than either alone. Of 23 patients who received endoscopy, 7 required endoscopic intervention with 6 having gastric or esophageal varices. Currently the endoscopic capacity in West Africa is not sufficient. A formal GI course with simulation and didactics improves gastrointestinal knowledge amongst participants.

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among school children in capital areas of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, West Africa.

Background: Although the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe (DRSTP) has undertaken school children-based deworming programs against intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) using a single dose of mebendazole annually since 2005, it remains unclear as to the outcome to date. The present study intends to investigate the recent IPIs status among school children living in capital areas of the DRSTP. Methods: A total of 252 school children (121 boys and 131 girls) of grades 4 and 5 from 4 primary schools located in the capital areas participated in the present study and their fresh fecal specimens were examined for the presence of any parasites using the merthiolate- iodine-formaldehyde concentration method as conducted. Results: The overall prevalence of IPIs was 64.7% (163/ 252). No significant gender difference in prevalence between boys (67.8%) and girls (61.8%) was found (p = 0.3). The majority of school children were infected with a single species of parasite (55.8%). Altogether, 12 different intestinal parasite species were identified in DRSTP school children, of which 9 species were pathogenic and the remaining 3 were non-pathogenic. Conclusion: Improving the detection method, sanitation facilities and personal hygiene as well as utilizing combined drugs are all important measures to greatly reduce IPIs in DRSTP school children.

Variation, correlation and heritability of interest characters for selection of African eggplant

The eggplant ( Solanum aethiopicum ) is the species of the Solanum genus, whose geographical distribution is broadest. It is grown throughout tropical Africa, and includes three groups of cultivars commonly called African or indigenous eggplant. Kumba group or “bitter eggplant” is an important Solanaceous vegetable crop in Burkina Faso. The objective of this study was to determine genetic variability, strength of association and level of heritability among agronomic interest traits. Phenotypic and genotypic variations and heritability of 14 traits were estimated in 61 accessions at Institut de Développement Rural (IDR), Gampela in Burkina Faso. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for fruit diameter, number of seeds per fruit, fruit weight, leaf blade length and width, and height at flowering. In addition, genetic and phenotypic variances were high for the number of seed, fruit weight, plant height at flowering and days to 50% flowering. High heritability estimates were recorded for all traits. Fruit weight showed a positive association with fruit diameter and thickness. The fifty percent flowering cycle registered positive correlations with plant height and fruit diameter. Fruit number showed a negative association with fruit weight and diameter, and 50% flowering cyle.

Lieu du décès au Burkina : influence des caractéristiques sociodémographiques et environnementales

This paper explores the factors associated with the place of death in Burkina Faso, based on mortality data from the Kaya Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Kaya HDSS). A multilevel logistic regression model with random intercept is used to determine the factors associated with the place of death. More than half of the deaths (55%) occur at home. Age, place of residence, distance to the health care centre and cause of death are statistically associated with the place of death. Seniors (50 and over) are more likely to die at home compared to other age grous (66.81 % against 35.9 % for 5-14 years and 44.9 among children under 5 years, p = 0.001). The multivariate results confirm the effect of age, place of residence, living standards quintile and cause of death. The high proportion of deaths occurring at home challenges policy makers in the health care system and calls for programs to adapt the supply of heath care.

Surmortalité des enfants dans les quartiers informels de Ouagadougou : effet de composition ou effet de contexte ?

En Afrique sub-saharienne, les auteurs cherchant à expliquer la surmortalité des enfants des quartiers informels ont rarement essayé de dissocier les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des parents, d’une part, et les effets de contexte, d’autre part, en utilisant une définition « locale » de ces quartiers. Le différentiel de mortalité entre les quartiers formels et informels de la capitale du Burkina Faso est analysé ici à l’aide des données de l’Observatoire de Population de Ouagadougou. Les analyses reposent sur le calcul des taux de mortalité, et sur le modèle de régression de Cox. Au-delà des effets de l’instruction de la mère, de l’âge de la mère, et du niveau de vie du ménage, la résidence dans les quartiers informels est positivement associée à la mortalité des enfants. L’amélioration des conditions sanitaires dans ces quartiers, et un meilleur accès aux services de santé sont deux préalables à la baisse de la mortalité des enfants.

L'insaisissable catégorie sociale d'enfants orphelins d'Afrique: de quoi parle-t-on?

There is no definition of orphans that would allow to know without confusion who is an orphan child. This article analyses the challenges and difficulties in defining and targeting the social category of orphans. It is based on a number of works, as well as the field research on the social actor's logics regarding the family support to orphans among the Mossi people in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), for my Ph.D. in sociology at Laval University (Canada). In fact, international charity organisations use orphans as a vulnerable and universal category. This has been done through the propagation of information on HIV. From the social sciences perspective, the category of orphans covers a variety of realities, and making the choice to see it otherwise would hide the diversity of those realities.

Incidence and Pattern of Pneumonia in Goats Slaughtered at the Kumasi Abattoir, Ghana

This study aimed at determining the incidence and pattern of pneumonia, in slaughtered goats in Kumasi abattoir, Ghana. One thousand three hundred and fifty lungs of goats; (1,012 Sahelian and 338 West Africa Dwarf goats (WAD) lungs) of different ages (less than a year to above 4 years) were used in this study. The frequency of occurrence of pneumonia, the degree of consolidation as a percentage of the total lung volume and histological assessment were determined by standard techniques. Fifty five (55) lungs (39 Sahelian, 16 WAD goats) were pneumonic (4.07% prevalence). The right lungs had a significant higher average lung consolidation percentage (19.11) while the right cranial lobes were more affected (9.37). WAD goats of 1-2 years are mostly affected with an average percentage consolidation of 11.73% while Sahelian goats above 4 years of age were the most affected with 32.59% consolidation. Does of both breeds were more while Sahelian goats had higher consolidation than other breeds. Histological examination revealed the presence of giant cell, fibrinous and suppurative bronchointerstitial pneumonia suggesting complicated viral pneumonia which was observed to be the most important caprine pneumonia in slaughtered goats in Ghana. Transportation and pregnancy stress were the major contributory factor to the pneumonia observed hence effective ante-mortem examinations will help to minimize the slaughter of pregnant does and transportation stress in Ghana.

Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials of fractions from the extract of Tetracarpidium conophorum leaf in rats and mice

Tetracarpidium conophorum (TC) (Euphorbiaceae) is a perennial woody climbing shrub in low bush forest of some parts of West Africa and used among the natives for relief of ailments accompanying pain and inflammation. In this study, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract (METC) and fractions (ethyl acetate, F1 and n-hexane, F2) of Tetracarpidium conophorum leaf were evaluated in rat and mice. The analgesic activity was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced paw licking and hot plate test models. Carrageenan-induced paw oedema was used to assess anti-inflammatory activity in rats. The mechanism of action of (TC) was explored by the use of naloxone, a non-selective opioid receptor blocker. The highest analgesic effect was observed in F2 extract at 57.21% inhibition and was further studied on various analgesic and anti-inflammatory models in graded doses. F2 significantly inhibited the late phase of formalin-induced paw licking and prolong hot plate latency at 55±1°C. The n-hexane fraction also significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats at 100 and 200mg/kg doses significantly (p< 0.001) and reduced paw licking response by 85.08% compared with control. Naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, did not significantly affect the changes observed with n-hexane fraction, thus ruling out the possibility of the involvement of opioid receptors in the analgesic actions of Tetracarpidium conophorum. Phytochemical screening showed that the leaf extracts contain alkaloids, tannins, saponins and cardenolides. The investigations showed that Tetracarpidium conophorum possesses significant anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities that should be explored.