Increasing the Physical Quality of Instant Yogurt by Spray Drying with Instant Additive

This research was carried out to compare the effects of soy lecithin and yolk as instant additive, to know the effects of instant additive level and their interaction on physical quality of instant yogurt (rehydration rate, solubility and viscosity).  The data were analyzed by statistical analysis based on Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with factorial pattern (2x3) using one control treatment (without instant additive), if the result were significant, then continued by Duncan’s New Multiple Range test (DMRT).  The first factor was variety of instant additive (soy lecithin, yolk), whereas the second factor was concentration of instant additive (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% v/v).  The result of this research showed that variety of instant additive has no significant effect on viscosity, but it has significant effect  (P<0.05) on rehydration rate and solubility.  The second factor has significant effect (P<0.05) on solubility, but has no significantly effect on rehydration rate and viscosity.  Interaction of them only occurred on solubility of instant yogurt.  The result of DMRT showed that the increasing physical quality of instant yogurt occurred on the 0.5% concentration. It was compared with control treatment.  Increasing concentration has no effect on rehydration rate, solubility or viscosity, except on solubility.  The solubility decreased at level of instant additive 1.5%.  The conclusions of this research were soy lecithin and yolk had different ability to increase solubility and rehydration rate but gave similar effect on viscosity.  Application of soy lecithin or yolk as instant additive up to 0.5% would increase physical quality of instant yogurt (rehydration rate, viscosity and solubility).  As compare to soy lecithin, yolk has better performance in increasing and making stable solubility of instant yogurt. (Animal Production 6(1): 1-8 (2004) Key Words:  Instant Yogurt, Soy Lecithin, Yolk, Physical Quality

The Physical Analyze of Local Grass

A research has been conducted to analyze physical characteristics of local grass. The aimed of this research was to observe grass physical characteristics, which are bulkiness, water regain capacity and water solubility. Also to observe correlation of water regain capacity to dry matter and organic matter digestibility as well as its degradation rate during 0, 12, 18 and 24 h incubation, in sacco, using 2 fistulae cows.  Five local grass were tested in this research, which are field grass, elephant grass, brachiaria grass, king grass and setaria. Fistulae cows consumed forages and concentrates with ratio of 70:30, minimum protein level of 12% and minimum TDN of 60%. Physical characteristics data that obtained then analyzed using analysis of variance. Furthermore, honestly significant different was also performed. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility data that obtained were analyzed with regression of physical characteristics.  Result showed that brachiaria grass has poor water regain capacity and water solubility.  There are positive linear correlation between water regains capacity with dry matter and organic matter digestibility. (Animal Production 6(1): 37-42 (2004) Key Words: Bulkiness, Water Regain Capacity, Water Solubility, Dry Matter and Organic Matter Digestibility

Model of Small Holders Dairy Cattle Waste Pollution at Several Natural Physical and Economic Social Conditions: A Case Study in the Province of Central Java

Most of dairy farmings in Indonesia are managed in the forms of smallholder farmings that give more attention to productivity rather than ecological concerns. The purpose of this study was to make models of dairy cattle animal waste pollution on clean water quality and degree of smell at several regions with different natural physical and economic social conditions. This study also investigated the waste management that match with the characteristics, behavior, and the attitude of the farmers in each region.  System approach was used as the method of this study through model simulation with program of Powersim 2.5c. Model compiled based on to component situation of livestock, condition of environment and situation of farmer. Determination of regional sample of sub-province or town until chosen countryside conducted with multistage sampling without randomization (purposive sampling).  Based on the result of research can be concluded that (1) low natural physical region and low economic social condition to have endangering pollution level of environment, (2) the waste management for the region with high natural physical and high economic social of bio gas and composting accompanied by removing to excess of animal waste for regional with low natural physical and low economic social. (Animal Production 6(2): 68-75 (2004) Key Words: model, dairy  cattle, waste pollution

Study of Physical Quality of Complete Feed Pellet with Different Forages Source and Binders

The purpose of this study was to know the effect of utilization of various kinds of binders in the making of complete diet that was made of several species of forages that was viewed from its physical properties (hardness and durability).  There were two formulations of complete feed and four kinds of binders a pelleting machine was used in this study.  Factorially, based on Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used with feed formulation (A) with two levels namely elephant grass and the leaves of leucaena (a1) and rice straw and peanut straw (a2) as the sources of forage as the first factor, and the kinds of binders (B) with 3 % levels of each binders.  Four levels of binders namely b0 (without binder), b1 (lignosulphonate), b2 (bentonite) and b3 (CMC) were as the second factor.  There were 3 replications in each treatment combination.  Based on the results of this study, it was conclude that the hardness of pellets of complete feed was affected by feed formulations based on different kinds of forage and pellets binders, but not for durability of the pellets.  The highest value of hardness was achieved by a1b1 formulation. (Animal Production 6(1): 43-48 (2004) Key Words: Hardness, Durability, Complete Feed Pellet