Prospecção química e avaliação biológica de Banisteriopsis laevifolia (Malpighiaceae)

The Banisteriopsis genus is widespread in traditional medicine. This work aims to contribute with information about the chemical composition and on the evaluation of the biological activity of the essential oil, the ethanol extract of the leaves and partitions of the Banisteriopsis laevifolia. The phytochemical screeningtest of ethanol extract and partitions of leaves indicated the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phenols and steroids compounds. Nitrogenous compounds, characteristic of some species of this family, were not detected. Flavonoids were the predominant metabolite, with the highest concentrations on the partitions ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The antibacterial activity, antifungal and cytotoxicity of the essetial oil, ethanol extract and partitions were assyed by microdilution broth method (MBM), where the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were calculated. The ethanol extract and partitions did not inhibit growth against to Gram positive bacteria tested, with MIC less than 400 mg L-1. For the Gram negative bacteria tested, the hexane and hydroethanol partitios were more effective against F. nucleatum bacteria (MIC 100 ug mL-1). The ethanol extract showed antifungal activity with MIC of 31.2 mg L-1. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol partitions showed MIC 187.5 mg L-1 and 93.7 mg L-1, respectively, arousing interest for isolation studies. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH free radical method. The ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate and n-butanol partitions were active, since they showed EC50 values (4.53 ug mL-1, 4.07 and 8.39 ug mL-1, respectively), values equivalent to the BHT (7.3 mg L-1). The analysis by HPLC-MS/MS of the most active fractions (ethyl acetate and n-butanol) identified phenolic compounds (flavonols and phenolic acids) which exert recognized biological activity. The GC-MS analysis of the essential oils from leaves collected in two periods studied (dry and wet), showed a small variation in the number of compounds. The major classes identified for the oil collected in the dry period were aliphatic alcohols (23,4%), terpenoids (18.7%), sterols (10.4%) and long-chain alkanes (9.2%) compounds. Terpenoids (26.8%) were the major class for the rain season. The major compounds (3Z) -hexenol, phytol and untriacontano are present in the two seasons but in different amounts (19.4%, 9.8% and 7.5% during the dry season, and 17.0 %, 14.9% and 15.3% in the rainy season, respectively). The essential oil from rainy season was not effective against to the oral bacteria Gram positive and Gram negative tested. However, showed significant antifungal activity with MIC 1000 mg L-1 against Candidas. Thus, the promising results with respect to biological assays of ethanolic extract and partitions from B. laevifolia contributed to the chemical and biological knowledge of the species B. laevifolia.

Frequência de microrganismos em conteúdo vulvovaginal de vacas tratadas com dispositivos intravaginais de progesterona

The dissertation was divided in two studies. With the first, aimed to evaluate the occurrence of microorganisms present in the vulvovaginal region of cows that received intravaginal progesterone devices during the fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) programs, and correlate the results with pregnancy rates. Samples were collected from vulvovaginal region of 30 beef cows Guzerá and 30 crossbred dairy cows, and also intravaginal devices, randomly. Of the 120 samples of cows, 60 corresponded to the collections of the period prior to the introduction device (D0) and 60 to the subsequent withdrawal of it (D9); it yielded 100% of bacterial growth, whereas, in most samples, it was found more than one isolated. In D0, the most frequent agent was Escherichia coli (52%), and in D9, Proteus spp and E. coli were the most frequent (32% and 28%, respectively). Regarding intravaginal progesterone devices, in D0 were isolated 37 microorganisms, being predominant those of the genus Bacillus (35%); in D9, 41 colony forming units (CFU) were isolated, of which 36.6% corresponded to Proteus spp. For the analysis of the antimicrobial profile, susceptibility testing was performed by diffusion agar disk, and cows that did not became pregnant after FTAI program were selected, as a future treatment. There resistance 100% to penicillin, and sensitivity, approximately, 90% to gentamicin, both isolates obtained from samples of beef cows and obtained of dairy cows. Regarding pregnancy rate, the 30 beef cows, 11 were diagnosed pregnant (36.7%), 4 (36.4%) treated with reused devices and 7 (63.6%) with new devices, which showed more effective. Of the 30 dairy cows, 15 were pregnant (50%), 8 (53.3%) were implanted with reused devices and 7 (46.7%) with new devices, with no significant differences in pregnancy rates. Because it is a research, females were chosen at random, and factors such as body condition, nutritional management and health weren't priority. With the second study, aimed to analyze the similarity between strains, conducted by technical Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD -PCR). Presence of E. coli and the absence of pregnancy were selection criteria used. From the results, it was observed that most of the isolates wasn't phylogenetically similar, since they showed lower than 85% similarity. The study stressed the importance of E. coli in vulvovaginal microbiota of cows and the presence of phenotypic and genotypic characters of this bacterium on possible reproductive problems.