A noção de relação na teoria linguística de Ferdinand de Saussure

Our work aims at investigating the notion of relation in Ferdinand de Saussure’s linguistic reflections. As we observe his theoretical production, we see this notion was amply worked in the elaboration of other concepts of his, for example, language, signe, value, arbitrariness, among others. However, beyond the capacity of the notion of relation to produce other concepts, the way it was conceived and the theoretical space it was placed allowed Saussure to break through the essentially historical-comparative studies of the epoch, what made a new way of thinking language to have its starting point. Taking it into account, firstly, by reading the work of Herman Paul, the one who represents the neogrammarians in our text, we examine in which way Saussure is distant from his contemporary linguistics when he distinguishes the linguistic relations and give them a new status in his investigation. Secondly, we study how the notion of relation has it own place in Saussure’s theoretical process of thinking the fundamentals which later would be considered the milestone for Modern Linguistics. For that, we analyse one of his manuscripts, Notes pour un livre sur la linguistique générale, and the Course in General Linguistics. The first is composed by sketches which would become a book, as Saussure promised in a letter to Meillet; and the latter contains the principals for the science of Linguistics. So we aim at researching how the notion of relation is treated in this corpus in order to see the way it is conceived both in the particular production of a manuscript written by Saussure itself and the book which was published and considered the turning point for Linguistics.

Fungicidas protetores no manejo da ferrugem da soja, processos fisiológicos e produtividade da cultura

Currently, the management recommendations for asian soybean rust (ASR) has been based on the application of protective fungicides mixed with triazoles and stronilurins. Thus, this study aimed at assessing whether the increased productivity provided by the application of protective fungicides is due solely to the fungicidal action of the product or some physiological changes in the plant and which the latter would be. The experiment was conducted from March to July 2015 at the experimental station of Udi Research and Development in Uberlândia-MG, with the cultivar 97Y07 RR. The experimental design chosen for this study was comprised of a randomized block with four replications and 16 treatments: check, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin (116.55 + 58.45 g ha-1), azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupir (90 + 45 g ha-1), trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (60 + 70 g ha-1), tebuconazole + picoxystrobin (100 + 60 g ha-1), picoxystrobin + cyproconazole (60 + 24 g ha-1), mancozeb (1125 g ha-1), azoxistrobina + tebuconazole + difenoconazole (60 + 75 + 120 g ha-1), azoxystrobin + tebuconazole + difenoconazole + chlorothalonil ( 60 + 120 + 75 + 1440 g ha-1), and mistures fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin + mancozeb, azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupir + mancozeb, trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole + mancozeb, tebuconazole + picoxystrobin + mancozeb, picoxystrobin + cyproconazole + mancozeb, azoxystrobin + tebuconazole + difenoconazole + mancozeb, and azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupir + chlorothalonil, from the aforesaid doses. The first application of the treatments occurred in R1, in the absence of symptoms. The number of applications, intervals and the use of adjuvants were performed according to the recommendations by manufacturers. The variables analyzed were: disease severity, concentration of chlorophylls and carotenoids, photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), internal carbon concentration (Ci), instantaneous efficiency in water use (A/E), intrinsic water use efficiency (A/gs), and carboxylation efficiency (A/C). With these data collected, this study set to date the progress curve of each variable (AUPC). At the end of the crop cycle, the average of pods per plant was quantified, grain per pod, productivity and weight of 1,000 grains. It was concluded that: the addition of mancozeb to fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupir, trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole and tebuconazole + picoxystrobin potentiated the ASR control; adding mancozebe to the mixture azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupir provided better control of the disease compared to the addition of chlorothalonil; mancozeb amounts to AUPC concentration of photosynthetic pigments and when added to axozystrobin + tebuconazole + difenoconazole, increases the AUPC for total chlorophyll concentration, as well as when chlorothalonil was added; mancozeb added to the mix fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin raised the AUPC for A/Ci and A/gs, increasing the W1,000G and crop productivity; the addition of protectors similarly reflected on the productivity of culture.