A organização da educação no território federal do Amapá: do "ideal" ao real, do liberal ao conservador (1943-1958)

The present study on “organization education on Amapá’s Federal Territory (1943-1958)”, looked forward to answering the following questions: Was there an educational policy, in a systemic way, on the former Amapá’s federal territory? On the other hand, what were the main initiatives of the first intervenors for the education dissemination? After facing these questions, we established, as hypothesis, that the developed actions in the education’s scope on that territory back in the 40’s and 50’s were not able to implant an educational project in Amapá, since there was no preoccupation to understanding the sociocultural reality of Amapá’s population. Given this hypothesis, we analyzed the relation between the political practices developed by the first intervenor on the territory and the brazilian political scenario, from the legal-administrative nature of the federal entities and political conjuncture of the “New State” (1937-1945). To achieve that, we sought some similarities between Janary Gentil Nunes’s ways of governing and Getúlio Vargas’s political actions. To make this happen, it was necessary to check official documents out, as well as unofficial ones, especially the old articles published by “Amapá”, the local newspaper, official press tool back then, which disseminated the beliefs and values of the constituted authorities, with the purpose of “strengthen” the “modernization” ideal on the people. Such practice was based on the attempt of breaking off sociocultural economic backwardness of the territory, hiding out the reality of the Amapá’s population, marked by poverty, a high illiteracy rate and the typical tropical diseases from Amazon (Malaria). During the rupture’s process between the old and the modern, the education takes on a major role in the official speech, being used as political advertisement and as essential element to the modernization and to the development of a “new man”: now “civilized”. However, the investigation on the expansion of the elementary education in Amapá, showed us the presence of a significant number of rural schools, in contradiction to the disseminated urban modernization promise around there. In this sense, we can affirm that educational policy on Amapá’s territory failed by reasons of being based on the “transplantation” of the Federal District’s educational project, and it is important to recall that, back then, the brazilian Federal District was Rio de Janeiro. Despite the public agents had established uncountable schools on rural areas, these were not carried out from a more systemic process, this is, considering the reality of the Amazon’s "cabloco". So, we observed the existence of the separation between the modern speech and the maintenance of old oligarchic practices by that time.

Avaliação das condições de precipitação do azul da Prússia sobre pó de grafite visando o desenvolvimento de eletrodos de pasta de carbono para a quantificação de nitrito

An amperometric FIA method for nitrite quantification based on nitrite electroreduction and employing a carbon paste electrode (CPE) chemically modified with iron hexacyanoferrate (HCF) as an amperometric detector was developed. The influence of experimental conditions on the preparation of the electrode materials was evaluated and the materials obtained in each study were used for the development of modified electrodes. The electrochemical sensors were prepared by a fast, simple, and inexpensive procedure, and the long-term performance of the electrodes were quite satisfactory as the stability was maintained over one year. HCF was an effective redox mediator for nitrite electroreduction in acidic media, allowing nitrite detection at +0.2 V vs. Ag/AgClsat, which is a potential free of possible interfering species that are normally present in food and water samples. The electrochemical cell used in the FIA system was similar to a batch injection analysis cell, enabling recirculation of the carrier solution. This is an attractive feature because it allows the use of a high flow rate (6 mL min-1) leading to high sensitivity and analysis speed, while keeping reagent consumption low. The proposed method had a detection limit of 9 μmol L-1 and was successfully employed for nitrite quantification in spiked water and sausage samples. The obtained results were in good agreement with those provided by the spectrophotometric official method. At a 95 % confidence level it was not observed statistical differences neither in nitrite content nor in the precision provided by both methods. The experimental conditions for the synthesis of HCF were optimized and the best electrode material was prepared by mixing FeCl3, K4[Fe(CN)6] and carbon powder subjected to an acid and thermal treatment (400 ºC), followed by ultrasonic agitation at 4 °C. This material was used to construct an electrode with improved analytical performance to reduce nitrite, which presented greater stability compared to HCF film electrodeposited on the EPC, showing that the preparation procedure of the electrode material is an effective strategy for the development of HCF modified electrodes.

Metal transfer mapping for FCAW process by using near-infrared filming

In the Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) process, the transfer of filler metal (metal transfer modes) to the base material to accomplish the weld bead determines the weld quality and therefore studies of such phenomena is demanded. Thus, in this work, the metal transfer through the FCAW process is investigated by filming the phenomena with the assist of near infrared visualization. During the literature survey, it was found that this technic has not been used so far for analyzing the FCAW process. It must be pointed out that the radiation emitted from the weld arc, fumes and particles (spattering) in this process represent a barrier for these studies based in the process visualization. The monitoring of metal transfer for FCAW process was carried out within the operational envelope of voltage and wire feed speed with the electrode E71T-1 (1.2 mm diameter) and Ar+25%CO2 as a shielding gas. A local developed near infrared filming with frame rate of 300 Hz was employed for metal transfer visualization in order to contribute to a better understanding of this process and evaluating characteristics of metal transfer, unlike previous studies, which used shadowgraph technique. It can clearly be seen how the droplet is created and transferred in this process and also identify the different modes of metal transfer by changing the parameters of voltage and wire feed speed in metal transfer maps. The final result of this study is the metal transfer mode maps, which establish suitable conditions and provide the basis for developing arc control strategies for the FCAW process.