As estações ferroviárias do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba e suas interfaces: história e conservação

The implementation of the railway in Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba helped to develop the area and connexion with other states: São Paulo, Goiás and Mato Grosso. The railway used to transport people and goods throughout many train stations in urban and rural areas and some major railroad complexes. There were many factors that led to the decline and abandonment of these properties: governmental policies which were in favour of road transportation and automotive industry, the replacement of the steam locomotive for electric and electric-diesel locomotives, changing part of the railway plan, removal of railways and loss of function of the buildings, extinction of passenger trains, which led the stations to lose its main purpose: people transport. 53% of the stations built inside the study area were demolished and most of them are in rural areas. There are several situations: stations on a precarious conservation state, most of them in the city s rural area, stations being used in urban and rural areas with new uses, stations working with cargo and goods transportation. The stations in Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba area in Minas Gerais are the object of this dissertation, wherein the main interest lies on the stations that are in operation, 21 buildings, seeking to verify their conservation state, their agents and role in preserving the train memory. Maps, charts and tables were made for this collection s understanding, having visited the stations that are listed by the cultural heritage and the ones that are in operation with new functions. Field records were made allowing the understanding of these properties in operation. It is observed that only the buildings listing, despite ensuring the non-demolition, does not help on the use and preservation of these stations, because there are some buildings that have this protection level, but are abandoned and in disrepair. The use of these stations by a train company, operating with cargo and goods transportation do not also guarantee the buildings preservation, as they are not treated with any preservation interest, their maintenance are precarious. The using by these companies are various, however, only a few stations have internal spaces dedicated to the railroad memory. Most of the stations did not have preservation projects with architects and specialists participation and the major concern, during maintenance process, is on the building s external part. The stations conservation begins on the local government interest, that preserve these properties, most of them are in urban areas, the major challenge is on their using definition and occupancy, especially in the countryside, wherein the buildings uses must be sustainable, as regards the appreciation and management of this heritage.

Aplicação de espectroscopia no infravermelho médio e calibração multivariada para quantificação de adulterantes e teor em biodiesel de óleo de palma com óleo de soja, soja residual e diesel

In this work, it was developed and validated methodologies that were based on the use of Infrared Spectroscopy Mid (MIR) combined with multivariate calibration Square Partial Least (PLS) to quantify adulterants such as soybean oil and residual soybean oil in methyl and ethyl palm biodiesels in the concentration range from 0.25 to 30.00 (%), as well as to determine methyl and ethyl palm biodiesel content in their binary mixtures with diesel in the concentration range from 0.25 to 30.00 (%). The prediction results showed that PLS models constructed are satisfactory. Errors Mean Square Forecast (RMSEP) of adulteration and content determination showed values of 0.2260 (%), with mean error (EM) with values below 1.93 (%). The models also showed a strong correlation between actual and predicted values, staying above 0.99974. No systematic errors were observed, in accordance to ASTM E1655- 05. Thus the built PLS models, may be a promising alternative in the quality control of this fuel for possible adulterations or to content determination.

Determinação de teor de biodieseis de algodão e pinhão manso em misturas com diesel usando espectroscopia no infravermelho médio e quadrados mínimos parciais

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, which can be a total or partial substitute for diesel. Since 2005, this fuel was introduced in the Brazilian energy matrix through Law 11.097 that determines the percentage of biodiesel added to diesel oil as well as monitoring the insertion of this fuel in market. The National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) establish the obligation of adding 7% (v/v) of biodiesel to diesel commercialized in the country, making crucial the analytical control of this content. Therefore, in this study were developed and validated methodologies based on the use of Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (MIR) and Multivariate Calibration by Partial Least Squares (PLS) to quantify the methyl and ethyl biodiesels content of cotton and jatropha in binary blends with diesel at concentration range from 1.00 to 30.00% (v/v), since this is the range specified in standard ABNT NBR 15568. The biodiesels were produced from two routes, using ethanol or methanol, and evaluated according to the parameters: oxidative stability, water content, kinematic viscosity and density, presenting results according to ANP Resolution No. 45/2014. The built PLS models were validated on the basis of ASTM E1655-05 for Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Calibration and ABNT NBR 15568, with satisfactory results due to RMSEP (Root Mean Square Error of Prediction) values below 0.08% (<0.1%), correlation coefficients (R) above 0.9997 and the absence of systematic error (bias). Therefore, the methodologies developed can be a promising alternative in the quality control of this fuel.