Az európai magánjog hatása a versenyképességre

A tanulmány az európai magánjogi jogegységesítésnek a piaci versenyképességre gyakorolt esetleges hatásait vizsgálja összehasonlító-jogi és piaci érvek mentén. Arra keres választ, hogy az európai uniós tagállami jogi sajátosságok a szerződésen kívüli felelősség területén mennyire hatnak piacra-jutási korlátként, mennyire valósak ezek versenytorzító hatásai, illetve milyen mértékben működik a jogszabályverseny ezen a területen, használhatják-e a magánjogi felelősségi rendszert befektetés és kereskedelemösztönző eszközként a tagállamok. Ezek függvényében tesz ajánlásokat arra vonatkozóan, hogy üzleti szempontok mentén mennyire érdemes az európai lágy jog (DCFR) mércéi alapján átalakítani a nemzeti jogot, vagy inkább megmaradni a nemzeti értékek mentén, ha az előnyös a közép-kelet európai térségben, valamint az Európai Unióban zajló nemzeti jogfejlődési folyamatokhoz képest. E kérdéskör annál is inkább aktuális mert térségünk több országa, köztük Magyarország is polgári törvénykönyve reformján dolgozik. _________ The paper discusses along comparative law and market considerations the effects of European unification of private law via soft law instruments (DCFR) on Member States’ competitiveness. The research debates the potential effects of tort liability as market entry obstacle due to legal diversty at national level, the effects of legal diversity on the level playing field Internal Market wide and the role of regulatory competition in tort liability as market generating incentive in hands of Member States. Based on its findings the paper warns on the pitfalls of using the DCFR as model for reforming national civil codes in the Member States. The topic of research is justified by the ongoing civil law reform projects in the Central-Eastern European Member States of the EU, including Hungary.

The financial stability and access to financing of SMEs in Hungary

The present study was prepared within the framework of cooperation between the Competitiveness Research Centre, operating within the Institute of Business Economics of Corvinus University of Budapest, and the National Association of Entrepreneurs, based on a commission from the latter. Th e goal of the study was to survey the self-financing capabilities and borrowing opportunities of majority Hungarian-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and to identify potential problems. The results of the research revealed that the high proportion of owner’s equity in the financing structure is not due to difficulties with borrowing, but because enterprises that cover their fi nancing primarily from their own resources have other financing opportunities at their disposal. Although general satisfaction with banks shows a diminishing tendency, it can still be interpreted favourably. The majority of companies have not encountered serious borrowing difficulties. With regard to the system of competitive tenders, company managers have sensed some improvement, but general satisfaction is still lacking. Although the research results suggest that the primary obstacle to growth in 2013 was not the lack of credit or external funding, it is important to emphasize that start-ups, young enterprises and micro-enterprises, which struggle the most with financing worries, were not represented in the analysed database.