Zoocoenological state of microhabitats and its seasonal dynamics in an aquatic macroinvertebrate assembly (Hydrobiological case studies on lake Balaton, No. 1.)

In the years 2002, 2003 and 2004 we collected samples of macroinvertebrates on a total of 36 occasions in Badacsony bay, in areas of open water (in the years 2003 and 2004 reed-grassy) as well as populated by reed (Phragmites australis) and cattail (Typha angustifolia). Samples were taken using a stiff hand net. The sampling site includes three microhabitats differentiated only by the aquatic plants inhabiting these areas. Our data was gathered from processing 208 individual samples. The quantity of macroinvertebrates is represented by biovolume value based on volume estimates. We can identify taxa in abundant numbers found in all water types and ooze; as well as groups associated with individual microhabitats with various aquatic plants. We can observe a notable difference between the years in the volume of invertebrate macrofauna caused by the drop of water level, and the multiplication of submerged macrophytes. There are smaller differences between the samples taken in reeds and cattail stands. In the second half of 2003 – which was a year of drought – the Najas marina appeared in open waters and allowed to support larger quantities of macroinvertebrates. In 2004 with higher water levels, the Potamogeton perfoliatus occurring in the same area has had an even more significant effect. This type of reed-grass may support the most macroinvertebrates during the summer. From the aspect of diversity relations we may suspect different characteristics. The reeds sampling site proved to be the richest, while the cattail microhabitat is close behind, open water (with submerged macrophytes) is the least diverse microhabitat.

A túlképzettség vizsgálata a Debreceni Egyetem végzettjei esetében (The effect of overeducation in the case of graduates of University of Debrecen)

Jelen cikk célja annak mélyrehatóbb vizsgálata, hogy a felsőfokú végzettséggel rendelkező frissdiplomások nagyarányú létszámnövekedése milyen hatással volt a munkaerő-piaci helyzetükre, jelen esetben keresetükre. Homogén-e az egyetemet végzett hallgatók csoportja, vagy elkülöníthetők olyan alcsoportok, amelyben a végzett hallgatók kevesebbet keresnek jobb helyzetben lévő társaiknál? A fentebbi kérdés megválaszolására a Debreceni Egyetem 2007-ben és 2009-ben végzett hallgatóinak Diplomás Pályakövető Rendszeren keresztül nyert adatait használta fel a szerző. A tömegesedés egyik következménye lehet, hogy a felsőfokú végzettséggel rendelkező munkavállaló nem talál a végzettségének megfelelő munkát, és így kénytelen olyan munkakört betölteni, amelynek végzettségigénye alacsonyabb, mint az övé. Az ilyen módon túlképzett munkavállalók keresete alacsonyabb, mint hasonló végzettségű, de megfelelő munkakörben dolgozó társaiké. Ez a vizsgált minta tanúsága szerint a DE végzettjeinek esetében 12-17% körül alakult, ami megfelel a nemzetközi eredményeknek. _________ The main goal of this article to examine the effect of a large increase in the number of university graduates on their labour market position, mainly on their wages. Is the group of graduated students homogenous, or are there any subgroups in which graduates earn less than their counterparts? To answer this question, the author examines the database of the Graduate Students’ Survey which contains data about the students of University of Debrecen who finished their studies in 2007 and 2009. As a result of overeducation, graduates do not find the kind of jobs which require their level of education. These so called overeducated workers earn less than their counterparts. In this case, this wage penalty is between 12%-17%, which is similar to international results.