Dispersal, establishment and survival of soredia and fragments of the lichen, Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl.

Dispersal, establishment and survival were studied in a population of Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. growing on an isolated tree (Prunus blireiana L.) at a site in North Seattle, U.S.A. Lichen propagules were trapped daily on adhesive strips pinned to various sites on the tree over a period of 36 days. Both soredia and fragments were deposited on the strips, particularly on the upper branches of the tree, with soredia being considerably more numerous than fragments. Daily variation in total soredia deposited did not correlate with 10 climatic variables including wind speed, relative humidity and average temperature. Establishment and survival of propagules were studied by introducing soredia and fragments into various sites on the bark and by observing the distribution of small thalli in different microsites. Microtopography of bark significantly influenced establishment and survival. Survival was poor on smooth bark compared with survival on algal or lichen crusts and on rough bark. Survival of soredia did not vary significantly at different locations on the tree. It is likely that colonization of the tree by H. physodes occurs largely by soredia. Colonization appears to be limited more by the range of dispersal over the tree than by differential survival over different parts of the tree.

The relative advantage of marketing over technological capabilities in influencing new product performance:the moderating role of country institutions

Marketing and technological capabilities are major drivers of new product performance. Prior research has suggested that marketing capabilities outperform technological capabilities. This study shows that the relative advantage of marketing over technological capabilities for new product performance depends on the institutional context in a country. Meta-analytic data of 341 effect sizes of the relationship between capabilities and new product performance taken from 50 articles with 57 independent samples and collected in 17 different countries reveal new contingencies to the capabilities framework. Although in general, marketing capabilities have a stronger influence than technological capabilities on new product performance, this effect is moderated by institutional context factors. The relative advantage decreases and even reverses with increasing growth rates; it further decreases with increasingly stronger rules of law in a country; and it increases in societies that put emphasis on self-expression values over survival values. These findings contribute to research on the utility of different capabilities, inform the institution-based view of firms in international marketing, and provide implications for international marketing managers.