Ophthalmological manifestations of multiple sclerosis

Optic neuritis, as a result of the formation of demyelination plaques in the optic nerve, is one of the commonest early symptoms of multiple sclerosis. Hence, it is important that optometrists are aware of the symptoms of optic neuritis and of the conditions with which it can be confused. However, only a proportion of patients with optic neuritis will develop the symptoms of multiple sclerosis. The first part of the article describes the symptoms and differential diagnosis of optic neuritis and its relationship with multiple sclerosis. In the second part of the article, the variety of visual changes and symptoms which can be observed in multiple sclerosis patients will be described.

Neuropsychiatric manifestations in inflammatory neuropathies:a systematic review

We conducted a systematic literature review on psychological and behavioral comorbidities in patients with inflammatory neuropathies. In Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), psychotic symptoms are reported during early stages in 30% of patients. Typical associations include mechanical ventilation, autonomic dysfunction, inability to communicate, and severe weakness. Anxiety and depression are frequent comorbidities. Anxiety may increase post-hospital admissions and be a predictor of mechanical ventilation. Post-traumatic stress disorder may affect up to 20% of ventilated patients. Sleep disturbances are common in early-stage GBS, affecting up to 50% of patients. In chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, memory and quality of sleep may be impaired. An independent link between depression and pre-treatment upper limb disability and ascites was reported in POEMS (Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, M-protein, Skin) syndrome, with an association with early death. Hematological treatment of POEMS appears effective on depression. Published literature on psychological/behavioral manifestations in inflammatory neuropathies remains scarce, and further research is needed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.