The science of writing an article – or is it art?

Getting your work published is an important aim for anyone undertaking research. This paper described how to prepare your work for peer review. Some recommendations are detailed i.e ensure yourself that your work is of good quality, decide is which journal you want to submit it to, follow the required style and be structured. Finally, a few tips and the reviewer's checklist are reminded.

Diffuse beta-amyloid (A beta) deposits and neurons: in situ secretion or diffusion of A beta?

The association between diffuse-type beta -amyloid (AP) deposits and neuronal cell bodies in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS) could result from the secretion of AP from clusters of neurons in situ or the diffusion of A beta from cell processes, glial cells or blood vessels. To decide between these hypotheses, spatial pattern analysis was used to study the relationship between the degree of clustering of neuronal cell bodies and the presence of diffuse deposits in the temporal lobe of patients with DS. Significant clustering of neuronal cell bodies was present in 17/24 (71%) of brain areas studied. in addition, in 23/24 (96%) of brain areas, there was a positive correlation between the presence of diffuse deposits and the density of neurons. Hence, the data support the hypothesis that diffuse deposits develop in situ mainly as a result of the secretion of A beta by local clusters of neurons rather than by significant diffusion. Furthermore, the size of a diffuse deposit is likely to be determined by the number of neurons within a cluster which secrete A beta. The number and density of neurons could also be a factor determining the evolution of a diffuse into a mature amyloid deposit.

Performance comparison of 40 Gb/s ULH transmissions using CSRZ-ASK or CSRZ-DPSK modulation formats on UltraWave (TM) fiber

In this work we present extensive comparisons between numerical modelling and experimental measurements of the transmission performance of either CSRZ-ASK or CSRZ-DPSK modulation formats for 40-Gb/s WDM ULH systems on UltraWave (TM) fiber spans with all-Raman amplification. We numerically optimised the amplification and the signal format parameters for both CSRZ-DPSK and CSRZ-ASK formats. Numerical and experimental results show that, in a properly optimized transmission link, the DPSK format permits to double the transmission distance ( for a given BER level) with respect to the ASK format, while keeping a substantial OSNR margin ( on ASK modulation) after the propagation in the fiber line. Our comparison between numerical and experimental results permits to identify what is the most suitable BER estimator in assessing the transmission performance when using the DPSK format. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America.

Performance comparison of 40 Gb/s ULH transmissions using CSRZ-ASK or CSRZ-DPSK modulation formats on Ultra Wave™ fiber

In this work we present extensive comparisons between numerical modelling and experimental measurements of the transmission performance of either CSRZ-ASK or CSRZ-DPSK modulation formats for 40-Gb/s WDM ULH systems on UltraWave™ fiber spans with all-Raman amplification. We numerically optimised the amplification and the signal format parameters for both CSRZ-DPSK and CSRZ-ASK formats. Numerical and experimental results show that, in a properly optimized transmission link, the DPSK format permits to double the transmission distance (for a given BER level) with respect to the ASK format, while keeping a substantial OSNR margin (on ASK modulation) after the propagation in the fiber line. Our comparison between numerical and experimental results permits to identify what is the most suitable BER estimator in assessing the transmission performance when using the DPSK format. © 2007 Optical Society of America.

Explaining the off-the-books enterprise culture of Ukraine:reluctant or willing entrepreneurship?

In recent years, there has been a growing realisation that beyond the realm of legitimate entrepreneurship is a large, hidden enterprise culture composed of entrepreneurs conducting some or all of their trade off-the-books. Until now, however, few have evaluated how many entrepreneurs start-up their ventures trading off-the-books and why they do so. Reporting face-to-face interviews conducted in Ukraine during 2005-2006 with 331 entrepreneurs, the finding is not only that the vast majority (90%) operate partially or wholly off-the-books, but also that they are not all driven by necessity, as a last resort and as a survival strategy into entrepreneurship. Revealing how many are willing rather than reluctant entrepreneurs; and that even those who were initially reluctant and ventured into it out of necessity, became more willing entrepreneurs over time as their business became established - the paper concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for both further research and public policy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.