Who “likes” you … and why? A typology of Facebook fans

Although many managers recognize that Facebook Fans represent a marketing opportunity, there has been little research into the nature of different Fan types. This study explores a typology of Fans, drawn from a sample of 438 individuals who "Like" brands on Facebook. Fans' brand loyalty, brand love, use of self-expressive brands, and word of mouth (WOM) for Liked brands were used to suggest four Fan types: the "Fan"-atic, the Utilitarian, the Self-Expressive, and the Authentic. The results of this exploratory study highlight the value of cluster analysis as a strategy for identifying different Fan types and provide insights to prompt further research into Facebook Fan types.

South Africa and the global game:football, apartheid and beyond

Firmly situating South African teams, players, and associations in the international framework in which they have to compete, South Africa and the Global Game: Football, Apartheid, and Beyond presents an interdisciplinary analysis of how and why South Africa underwent a remarkable transformation from a pariah in world sport to the first African host of a World Cup in 2010. Written by an eminent team of scholars, this special issue and book aims to examine the importance of football in South African society, revealing how the black oppression transformed a colonial game into a force for political, cultural and social liberation. It explores how the hosting of the 2010 World Cup aims to enhance the prestige of the post-apartheid nation, to generate economic growth and stimulate Pan-African pride. Among the themes dealt with are race and racism, class and gender dynamics, social identities, mass media and culture, and globalization. This collection of original and insightful essays will appeal to specialists in African Studies, Cultural Studies, and Sport Studies, as well as to non-specialist readers seeking to inform themselves ahead of the 2010 World Cup. This book was published as a special issue of Soccer and Society. 1. Introduction Peter Alegi and Chris Bolsmann Part 1: Past is Prologue – History of Football in South Africa 2. Football as Code: The Social Diffusion of ‘Soccer’ in South Africa Lloyd Hill 3. White Football in South Africa: Empire, Apartheid and Change, 1892 – 1977 Chris Bolsmann 4. A Biography of Darius Dhlomo: Transnational Footballer in the Era of Apartheid Peter Alegi 5. Women and Gender in South African Soccer Cynthia Fabrizio Pelak Part 2: Football Culture after Apartheid: Local and Transnational Dynamics 6. "You Must Support Chiefs: Pirates Already Have Two White Fans!" Race and Racial Discourse in South African Football Fandom Marc Fletcher 7. "It wasn’t that I did not like South African Football": Media, History, and Biography Sean Jacobs 8. Soccer in a Rugby Town: Restructuring Football in Stellenbosch Sylvain Cubizolles 9. Differing Trajectories: Football Development and Patterns of Player Migration in South Africa and Ghana Paul Darby and Eirik Solberg Part 3: The 2010 World Cup: Challenges and Opportunities 10. Football's Tsars: Proprietorship, Corporatism and Politics in the 2010 FIFA World Cup Scarlett Cornelissen 11. Sports as Cultural Diplomacy: The 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa’s Foreign Policy Sifiso Mxolisi Ndlovu 12. World Cup 2010: Africa’s Turn or the Turn on Africa? Ashwin Desai and Goolam Vahed 13. The 2010 FIFA World Cup: Critical Voices From Below Percy Ngonyama.

Triassic stratigraphy and sedimentology in central England

The Triassic rocks of Central England consist of three major stratigraphic units: Sherwood Sandstone Group, Mercia Mudstone Group, and Penarth Group. The lower part of the Sherwood Sandstone Group represented by the Kidderminster, Cannock Chase, and Polesworth Formations represents pebbly braided river deposits carried by a major fluvial system flowing to the North-Northwest. The upper part of the Sherwood Sandstone Group includes the Wildmoor and Bromsgrove Sandstone Formations, the deposits of a sandy alluvial system. The Mercia Mudstone Group represents quiet-water deposits of marginal palya type which were subjected to occasional marine flooding. The overlying Penarth Group represent shallow marine and lagoonal environment associated with the Rhaetian marine transgression. The mineralogy of the Triassic sandstones indicates that the main source was from medium to low rank metamorphic rocks with additional supplies from igneous and metamorphic rocks. The study of size-composition trends shows that the climate was semiarid in early Triassic time and became more humid later. The Triassic sandstones show a variety of diagenetic features typical of continental red beds; these include: 1. the dissolution of unstable ferromagnesian silicates, 2. the replacement of detrital grains by clay, 3. the pseudomorphism of biotite by haematite, and 4. the formation of a suite of authigenic minerals including quartz, illite, mixed-layer illite-montmorillonite, kaolinite, k-feldspar, haematite, titanium oxide and later carbonate cement. Palaeomagnetic studies of selected samples show that the magnetization is muticomponent with the various components being carried by different textural phases of haematite.

Diagenesis and aquifer characteristics of the Sherwood Sandstone Group in North Nottinghamshire

The Sherwood Sandstone Group forms an important aquifer in Eastern England, which in North Nottinghamshire comprises the Nottingham Castle and Lenton Sandstone Formations. The aquifer is formed by an alluvial red-bed sequence dominated by medium-coarse grained sandstones which are texturally immature to submature and have only been subjected to shallow burial diagenesis. These sandstones reached the mature stage of the meso diagenetic regime, and four stages are recognized in their diagenetic history depending upon the physical/chemical processes prevailing and the subsequent effect on porosity and permeability. Stage "One" represents changes including dissolution of unstable silicates, clay replacement, red colouration and precipitation of authigenic minerals (quartz, feldspar, illite, l/S, kaolinite, dolomite, ferroan calcite, calcite). The net result of these changes was porosity reduction. Stage "Two" included changes due to mechanical compaction which resulted in minor porosity reduction. Stage "Three" was the main phase of secondary porosity enhancement. Stage "Four" represents changes taking place in the present groundwater where porosity and permeability may have been increased by dissolution and partly reduced by kaolinite precipitation. Porosity measured by water-resaturation and Hg-injection gave average values of 25.63% and 24.85% respectively. The results are comparable and showed marked correlation especially in highly porous/permeable rocks. Porosity measurements from photomicrographs were markedly offset from laboratory results. Horizontal Kw ranged between 1.43 x 10-5 and 1.13 x 10-1 mm/sec, with an average of  1.68 x 10-2 mm/sec. The estimated KHg ranged between 7.29 x 10-6 and 6.99 x 10-2 mm/sec with an average of 1.47 x 10-2 mm/sec. Both results are significantly correlated for highly porous/permeable rocks. The hydraulic properties are highly dependent upon the diagenetic properties (as most of the pores present are of secondary origin) as well as the pore size distribution. The chemistry of these groundwaters indicates that they are under-saturated with respect to dolomite, calcite, K-feldspar, l/S clay, and montmorillonite. The precipitation of kaolinite,and to a lesser extent illite, is favoured in the present groundwater regime.

The sedimentology and diagenesis of Lower Permian (Rotliegend) sediments: (onshore U.K. and southern North Sea). Available in 2 volumes.

The thesis provides a comparative study of both sedimentology and diagenesis of Lower Permian (Rotliegend) strata, onshore and offshore U.K. (Southern North Sea). Onshore formations studied include the Bridgnorth, Penrith and Hopeman Sandstone, and are dominated by aeolian facies, with lesser amounts of interbedded fluvial sediments. Aeolian and fluvial strata in onshore basins typically grade laterally into alluvial fan breccias at basin margins. Onshore basins represent proximal examples of Rotliegend desert sediments. The Leman Sandstone Formation of the Ravenspurn area in the Southern North Sea displays a variety of facies indicative of a distal sedimentological setting; Aeolian, fluvial, sabkha, and playa lake sediments all being present. "Sheet-like" geometry of stratigraphical units within the Leman Sandstone, and alternation of fluvial and aeolian deposition was climatically controlled. Major first order bounding surfaces are laterally extensive and were produced by lacustrine transgression and regression from the north-west. Diagenesis within Permian strata was studied using standard petrographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cold cathodo-Iuminescence, X-ray diffraction clay analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, fluid inclusion microthermometry, and K-Ar dating of illites. The diagenesis of Permian sediments within onshore basins is remarkably similar, and a paragenetic sequence of early haematite, illitic clays, feldspar, kaolinite, quartz and late calcite is observed. In the Leman Sandstone formation, authigenic mineralogy is complex and includes early quartz, sulphates and dolomite, chlorite, kaolinite, late quartz, illite and siderite. Primary lithological variation, facies type, and the interdigitation and location of facies within a basin are important initial controls upon diagenesis. Subsequently, burial history, structure, the timing of gas emplacement, and the nature of sediments within underlying formations may also exersize significant controls upon diagenesis within Rotliegend strata.

Development of an integrated reverse osmosis-greenhouse system driven by solar photovoltaic generators

The development of a system that integrates reverse osmosis (RO) with a horticultural greenhouse has been advanced through laboratory experiments. In this concept, intended for the inland desalination of brackish groundwater in dry areas, the RO concentrate will be reduced in volume by passing it through the evaporative cooling pads of the greenhouse. The system will be powered by solar photovoltaics (PV). Using a solar array simulator, we have verified that the RO can operate with varying power input and recovery rates to meet the water demands for irrigation and cooling of a greenhouse in north-west India. Cooling requires ventilation by a fan which has also been built, tested and optimised with a PV module outdoors. Results from the experiments with these two subsystems (RO and fan) are compared to theoretical predictions to reach conclusions about energy usage, sizing and cost. For example, the optimal sizing for the RO system is 0.12–1.3 m2 of PV module per m2 of membrane, depending on feed salinity. For the fan, the PV module area equals that of the fan aperture. The fan consumes <30 J of electrical energy per m3 of air moved which is 3 times less than that of standard fans. The specific energy consumption of the RO, at 1–2.3 kWh ?m-3, is comparable to that reported by others. Now that the subsystems have been verifi ed, the next step will be to integrate and test the whole system in the field.

Les pratiques de co-création dans l’industrie de divertissement:une analyse critique des dynamiques du marche

In this paper, we critically examine entertainment industry practices to better understand the functioning of the new services marketing paradigm. The value creation process is no longer always first prescribed by the industry; the marketplace takes the lead through fans, media, and commentators. We look at how the human brand ‘Kamini’ is co-created in the marketplace and the roles of the various market forces (industry, artist, consumers, and media) in the meaning-making process. In line with Zwick, Bonsu, and Darmody (2008), we claim that reality is not as wonderful as theory promises and that equal participation has not yet been achieved.

A greenhouse integrating desalination, water saving and rainwater harvesting for use in salt-affected inland regions

This study proposes a new type of greenhouse for water re-use and energy saving for agriculture in arid and semi-arid inland regions affected by groundwater salinity. It combines desalination using reverse osmosis (RO), re-use of saline concentrate rejected by RO for cooling, and rainwater harvesting. Experimental work was carried at GBPUAT, Pantnagar, India. Saline concentrate was fed to evaporative cooling pads of greenhouse and found to evaporate at similar rates as conventional freshwater. Two enhancements to the system are described: i) A jet pump, designed and tested to use pressurized reject stream to re-circulate cooling water and thus maintain uniform wetness in cooling pads, was found capable of multiplying flow of cooling water by a factor of 2.5 to 4 while lifting water to a head of 1.55 m; and ii) Use of solar power to drive ventilation fans of greenhouse, for which an electronic circuit has been produced that uses maximum power-point tracking to maximize energy efficiency. Re-use of RO rejected concentrate for cooling saves water (6 l d-1 m-2) of greenhouse floor area and the improved fan could reduce electricity consumption by a factor 8.

Energy saving and solar electricity in fan-ventilated greenhouses

Greenhouse cultivation is an energy intensive process therefore it is worthwhile to introduce energy saving measures and alternative energy sources. Here we show that there is scope for energy saving in fan ventilated greenhouses. Measurements of electricity usage as a function of fan speed have been performed for two models of 1.25 m diameter greenhouse fans and compared to theoretical values. Reducing the speed can cut the energy usage per volume of air moved by more than 70%. To minimize the capital cost of low-speed operation, a cooled greenhouse has been built in which the fan speed responds to sunlight such that full speed is reached only around noon. The energy saving is about 40% compared to constant speed operation. Direct operation of fans from solar-photovoltaic modules is also viable as shown from experiments with a fan driven by a brushless DC motor. On comparing the Net Present Value costs of the different systems over a 10 year amortization period (with and without a carbon tax to represent environmental costs) we find that sunlight-controlled system saves money under all assumptions about taxation and discount rates. The solar-powered system, however, is only profitable for very low discount rates, due to the high initial capital costs. Nonetheless this system could be of interest for its reliability in developing countries where mains electricity is intermittent. We recommend that greenhouse fan manufacturers improve the availability of energy-saving designs such as those described here.

Africa's World Cup:critical reflections on play, patriotism, spectatorship, and space

Africas World Cup: Critical Reflections on Play, Patriotism, Spectatorship, and Space focuses on a remarkable month in the modern history of Africa and in the global history of football. Peter Alegi and Chris Bolsmann are well-known experts on South African football, and they have assembled an impressive team of local and international journalists, academics, and football experts to reflect on the 2010 World Cup and its broader significance, its meanings, complexities, and contradictions. The World Cups sounds, sights, and aesthetics are explored, along with questions of patriotism, nationalism, and spectatorship in Africa and around the world. Experts on urban design and communities write on how the presence of the World Cup worked to refashion urban spaces and negotiate the local struggles in the hosting cities. The volume is richly illustrated by authors photographs, and the essays in this volume feature chronicles of match day experiences; travelogues; ethnographies of fan cultures; analyses of print, broadcast, and electronic media coverage of the tournament; reflections on the World Cups private and public spaces; football exhibits in South African museums; and critiques of the World Cups processes of inclusion and exclusion, as well as its political and economic legacies. The volume concludes with a forum on the World Cup, including Thabo Dladla, Director of Soccer at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mohlomi Kekeletso Maubane, a well-known Soweto-based writer and a soccer researcher, and Rodney Reiners, former professional footballer and current chief soccer writer for the Cape Argus newspaper in Cape Town. This collection will appeal to students, scholars, journalists, and fans. Cover illustration: South African fan blowing his vuvuzela at South Africa vs. France, Free State Stadium, Bloemfontein, June 22, 2010. Photo by Chris Bolsmann.