The morphology of spray-dried particles

Samples of Various industrial or pilot plant spray-dried materials were obtained from manufacturers together with details of drying conditions and feed concentrations. The samples were subjected to qualitative and semi-quantitative examination to identify structural and morphological features. The results were related to measured bulk physical properties and to drying conditions. Single particles were produced in a convective drying process Analogous to spray drying, in which different solids or mixtures of solids were dried from solutions, slurries or pastes as single suspended droplets. The localized chemical and physical structures were analysed and in some cases the retention of volatiles monitored. The results were related to experimental conditions, viz.; air temperature, initial solids concentration and the degree of feed aeration. Three distinct categories of particle morphology were identified, i.e.; crystalline, skin-forming and agglomerate. Each category is evidence of a characteristic drying behaviour which is dependent on initial solids concentration. the degree of feed aeration, and drying temperature. Powder flow ability, particle and bulk density, particle-size, particle friability, and the retention of volatiles bear a direct relationship to morphological structure. Morphologies of multicomponent mixtures were complex, but the respective migration rates of the solutes were dependent on drying temperature. Gas-film heat and SDSS transfer coefficients of single pure liquid droplets were also measured over a temperature range of 50•C to 200•C under forced convection. Balanced transfer rates were obtained attributed to droplet instability or oscillation within the airflow, demonstrated in associated work with single free-flight droplets. The results are of relevance to drier optimisation and to the optimisation of product characteristics, e.g.; particle strength and essential volatiles-retention, in convective drying.

Comparative risk of microalbuminuria and proteinuria in UK residents of south Asian and white European ethnic background with type 2 diabetes:a report from UKADS

Objective - This study investigated and compared the prevalence of microalbuminuria and overt proteinuria and their determinants in a cohort of UK resident patients of white European or south Asian ethnicity with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Research design and methods - A total of 1978 patients, comprising 1486 of south Asian and 492 of white European ethnicity, in 25 general practices in Coventry and Birmingham inner city areas in England were studied in a cross-sectional study. Demographic and risk factor data were collected and presence of microalbuminuria and overt proteinuria assessed. Main outcome measures - Prevalences of microalbuminuria and overt proteinuria. Results - Urinary albumin:creatinine measurements were available for 1852 (94%) patients. The south Asian group had a lower prevalence of microalbuminuria, 19% vs. 23% and a higher prevalence of overt proteinuria, 8% vs. 3%, X2?=?15.85, 2df, P?=?0.0004. In multiple logistic regression models, adjusted for confounding factors, significantly increased risk for the south Asian vs. white European patients for overt proteinuria was shown; OR (95% CI) 2.17 (1.05, 4.49), P?=?0.0365. For microalbuminuria, an interaction effect for ethnicity and duration of diabetes suggested that risk for south Asian patients was lower in early years following diagnosis; OR for SA vs. WH at durations 0 and 1 year were 0.56 (0.37, 0.86) and 0.59 (0.39, 0.89) respectively. After 20 years’ duration, OR?=?1.40 (0.63, 3.08). Limitations - Comparability of ethnicity defined groups; statistical methods controlled for differences between groups, but residual confounding may remain. Analyses are based on a single measure of albumin:creatinine ratio. Conclusions - There were significant differences between ethnicity groups in risk factor profiles and microalbuminuria and overt proteinuria outcomes. Whilst south Asian patients had no excess risk of microalbuminuria, the risk of overt proteinuria was elevated significantly, which might be explained by faster progression of renal dysfunction in patients of south Asian ethnicity.