Some clinical aspects of the eye in extended contact lens wear

The limbal vascular response to extended contact lens wear was examined in a group comparative study initially intended to last eighteen months. After six months all patients wearing contact lenses had presented with micro-epithelial cysts. This unanticipated occurrence of the micro-epithelial-cysts necessitated termination of the study, and limited the quantity of data collected. However, sufficient results were available to allow a limited description of •the vascular response to this form of contact lens wear. Interpretations of the date collected ore discussed in relation to suggested vasostimulating factors in the cornea. The micro-epithelial cysts observed after extended wear were classified and their rate of recovery recorded. A further clinical study was undertaken to observe cysts in both contact lens - and non contact lens-wearing eyes. Cysts were observed in every category of patient, although the characteristic patterns varied. These observations of micro-epithelial cysts are discussed with respect to the aetiopathogeneses of corneal epithelial cystic disorders. Subsequently, attempts were made to induce cysts in rabbit corneae by extended contact lens wear. Clinical observations revealed cyst-like appearances. Histological sections did not contain cysts but did exhibit signs characteristic •of cystic disorders of the corneal epithelium. In general, the results from the study indicate that extended wear is subjectively acceptable to contact lens wearers. However, the objective findings of significant vascular changes, micro-epithelial cysts and cases of acute red eye response cast considerable doubt on the recommendation of extended wear contact lenses for purely cosmetic applications.

Wear of high aluminium zinc-based alloys in plain bearing applications

Two zinc-based alloys of high aluminium content, Super Cosmal alloy containing 60% Al, 6% Si, 1% Cu, 0.3% Mn and HAZCA alloy containing 60% Al, 8% Si, 2% Cu, 0.06% Mg were produced by sand casting. Foundry characteristics in particular, fluidity, mode of solidification and feeding ability were examined. Metallographic analysis of structures was carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopy and their mechanical properties were determined using standard techniques. Dry wear characteristics were determined using a pin-on-disc test, and boundary-lubricated wear was studied using full bearing tests. Results from casting experiments were evaluated and compared with the behaviour of a standard ZA-27 alloy and those from tribological tests with both ZA-27 alloy and a leaded tin-bronze (SAE660) under the same testing conditions. The presence of silicon was beneficial, reducing the temperature range of solidification, improving feeding efficiency and reducing gravity segregation of phases. Use of chills and melt degassing was found necessary to achieve soundness and enhanced mechanical properties. Dry wear tests were performed against a steel counterface for sliding speeds of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2 m/s and for a range of loads up to 15 kgf. The high aluminium alloys showed wear rates as low as those of ZA-27 at speeds of 0.25 and 0.5 m/s for the whole range of applied loads. ZA-27 performed better at higher speeds. The build up of a surface film on the wearing surface of the test pins was found to be responsible for the mild type of wear of the zinc based alloys. The constitution of the surface film was determined as a complex mixture of aluminium, zinc and iron oxides and metallic elements derived from both sliding materials. For full bearing tests, bushes were machined from sand cast bars and were tested against a steel shaft in the presence of a light spindle oil as the lubricant. Results showed that all zinc based alloys run-in more rapidly than bronze, and that wear in Super Cosmal and HAZCA alloys after prolonged running were similar to those in ZA-27 bearings and significantly smaller than those of the bronze.

An investigation of the relationship between temperature, forces and tool wear in turning and drilling

Developing a means of predicting tool life has been and continues to be a focus of much research effort. A common experience in attempting to replicate such efforts is an inability to achieve the levels of agreement between theory and practice of the original researcher or to extrapolate the work to different materials or cutting conditions to those originally used. This thesis sets out to examine why most equations or models when replicated do not give good agreements. One reason which was found is that researchers in wear prediction, their predictions are limited because they generally fail to properly identify the nature of wear mechanisms operative in their study. Also they fail to identify or recognise factors having a significant influence on wear such as bar diameter. Also in this research the similarities and differences between the two processes of single point turning and drilling are examined through a series of tests. A literature survey was undertaken in wear and wear prediction. As a result it was found that there was a paucity in information and research in the work of drilling as compared to the turning operation. This was extended to the lack of standards that exist for the drilling operation. One reason for this scarcity in information on drilling is due to the complexity of the drilling and the tool geometry of the drill. In the comparative drilling and turning tests performed in this work, the same tool material; HSS, and similar work material was used in order to eliminate the differences which may occur due to this factor. Results of the tests were evaluated and compared for the two operations and SEM photographs were taken for the chips produced. Specific test results were obtained for the cutting temperatures and forces of the tool. It was found that cutting temperature is influenced by various factors like tool geometry and cutting speed, and the temperature itself influenced the tool wear and wear mechanisms that act on the tool. It was found and proven that bar diameter influences the temperature, a factor not considered previously.

The mechanical and wear behaviour of B(SiC) fibre-reinforced composite materials

The mechanical properties and wear behaviour of B(SiC) fibre-reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs) and aluminium alloy (2014) produced by metal infiltration technique were determined. Tensile tests were peliormed at different conditions on both the alloy matrix and its composite, and the tensile fracture surfaces were also examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Dry wear of the composite materials sliding on hardened steel was studied using a pin-on-disc type machine. The effect of fibre orientation on wear rate was studied to provide wear resistance engineering data on the MMCs. Tests were carried out with the wear surface sliding direction set normal, parallel and anti-parallel to the fibre axis. Experiments were perfonned for sliding speeds of 0.6, 1.0 and 1.6 m/s for a load range from 12 N to 60 N. A number of sensitive techniques were used to examine worn surface and debris, i.e: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Backscattered Electron Microscopy (BSEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Finally, the effect of fibre orientation on the wear rate of the Borsic-reinforced plastic matrix composites (PMCs) produced by hot pressing technique was also investigated under identical test conditions. It was found that the composite had a markedly increased tensile strength compared with the matrix. The wear results also showed that the composite exhibited extremely low wear rates compared to the matrix material and the wear rate increased with increasing sliding speed and normal load. The effect of fibre orientation was marked, the lowest wear rates were obtained by arranging the fibre perpendicular to the sliding surface, while the highest wear was obtained for the parallel orientation. The coefficient of friction was found to be lowest in the parallel orientation than the others. Wear of PMCs were influenced to the greatest extent by these test parameters although similar findings were obtained for both composites. Based on the results of analyses using SEM, BSED and XPS, possible wear mechanisms are suggested to explain the wear of these materials.

Do ‘passive’ medical titanium surfaces deteriorate in service in the absence of wear?

Globally, more than 1000 tonnes of titanium (Ti) is implanted into patients in the form of biomedical devices on an annual basis. Ti is perceived to be ‘biocompatible’ owing to the presence of a robust passive oxide film (approx. 4 nm thick) at the metal surface. However, surface deterioration can lead to the release of Ti ions, and particles can arise as the result of wear and/or corrosion processes. This surface deterioration can result in peri-implant inflammation, leading to the premature loss of the implanted device or the requirement for surgical revision. Soft tissues surrounding commercially pure cranial anchorage devices (bone-anchored hearing aid) were investigated using synchrotron X-ray micro-fluorescence spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge structure. Here, we present the first experimental evidence that minimal load-bearing Ti implants, which are not subjected to macroscopic wear processes, can release Ti debris into the surrounding soft tissue. As such debris has been shown to be pro-inflammatory, we propose that such distributions of Ti are likely to effect to the service life of the device.

Wear resistance of surface treated metal-working tools

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Tear protein composition and contact lens wear

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Adhesive wear of modern and traditional engineering coatings

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The influence of die temperature and hardness on the wear of no. 5 die steel under hot forging conditions

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Evidence of lipid degradation during overnight contact lens wear:gas chromatography mass spectrometry as the diagnostic tool

Purpose. We investigated structural differences in the fatty acid profiles of lipids extracted from ex vivo contact lenses by using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). Two lens materials (balafilcon A or lotrafilcon A) were worn on a daily or continuous wear schedule for 30 and 7 days. Methods. Lipids from subject-worn lenses were extracted using 1:1 chloroform: methanol and transmethylated using 5% sulfuric acid in methanol. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were collected using hexane and water, and analyzed by GCMS (Varian 3800 GC, Saturn 2000 MS). Results. The gas chromatograms of lens extracts that were worn on a continuous wear schedule showed two predominant peaks, C16:0 and C18:0, both of which are saturated fatty acids. This was the case for balafilcon A and lotrafilcon A lenses. However, the gas chromatograms of lens extracts that were worn on a daily wear schedule showed saturated (C16:0, C18:0) and unsaturated (C16:1 and C18:1) fatty acids. Conclusions. Unsaturated fatty acids are degraded during sleep in contact lenses. Degradation occurred independently of lens material or subject-to-subject variability in lipid deposition. The consequences of lipid degradation are the production of oxidative products, which may be linked to contact lens discomfort. © 2014 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.

Chirped fibre Bragg grating optical wear sensor

A novel sensor is demonstrated to allow a real-time measurement of the physical wear applied to the surface of an object. Two different measurement methods are presented, both utilizing the reflected power from a sacrificial chirped fibre Bragg grating to give the wear measurement. The measurement systems are simple to implement with the possibility of low cost designs depending on the application. The sensor can measure wear with a resolution of 120 μm. © 2004 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Adverse events and discontinuations during 18 months of silicone hydrogel contact lens wear

PURPOSE. To report differences in the incidence of adverse events and discontinuations found in a group of neophyte contact wearers using two different silicone hydrogel contact lenses on a daily- and continuous-wear basis during an 18-month period. METHODS. Sixty-one subjects were initially examined, and 53 were eligible to participate in the study. Eligible subjects were randomly assigned to wear one of two silicone hydrogel materials: lotrafilcon A or balafilcon A lenses on a daily- or continuous-wear basis. After an initial screening, subjects were monitored weekly for the first month and then after 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. The incidence of adverse events, including corneal infiltrative events, superior epithelial arcuate lesions, and contact lens-induced papillary conjunctivitis, and discontinuations in each of the four contact lens groups were recorded. RESULTS. Twenty-two adverse events were found. A higher incidence of adverse events was found in subjects wearing lotrafilcon A lenses than in those wearing balafilcon A lenses (χ = 4.40, P=0.04). There were fewer adverse events in subjects wearing lenses on a daily-wear basis than in those wearing lenses on a continuous-wear basis (χ = 5.98, P=0.01). Eight subjects discontinued from the study as a result of recurrent corneal infiltrative events (one), vision problems (two), excessive ocular discomfort (one), relocation (one), noncompliance with the study protocol (one), and being lost to follow-up (two). No significant differences were found in the number of discontinuations between the two lens types (χ = 0.66, P=0.42) and wearing regimens (χ = 0.08, P=0.78). CONCLUSIONS. Lotrafilcon A lenses were associated with a higher incidence of adverse events than balafilcon A lenses were, and this difference is attributed to the difference in the incidence of corneal infiltrative events. Subjects wearing lenses on a daily-wear basis had fewer adverse events than did subjects wearing lenses on a continuous-wear basis. Both lens types and wearing regimens showed a similar incidence of discontinuations. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.