Ionic liquid-accelerated N-arylation of benzoazoles with diaryliodonium salts, an efficient method for the synthesis of N-aryl azoles

N-Arylation of benzoazoles with diaryliodonium salts can be performed in good yields in the room-temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4), which provides an efficient method for the synthesis of N-arylbenzoazoles. The ionic liquid can be recycled and reused.

Organic reactions in ionic liquids: a simple highly regioselective or regiospecific substitutions of benzotriazole

In the absence of any added base in ionic liquids [Bmim][BF4], benzotriazole replaces the halogen atom of an a-halogenated ketone or a-halogenated carboxylic ester to give the corresponding N-1-substituted benzotriazole as the only isomer, and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene reacted similarly with benzotriazole to afford the N-1-substituted benzotriazole in a good yield. Alkyl halides reacted regioselectively to afford the N-1-alkylbenzotriazole in ratios of more than 15 to 1 over the N-2-isomer.

Organic reactions in ionic liquids: synthesis of alkyl aryl trithiocarbonates by the S-arylation of potassium carbonotrithioates with diaryliodonium salts

Various alkyl aryl trithiocarbonates were readily prepared in good yields by the S-arylation of potassium carbonotrithioates with diaryliodonium salts in the room-temperature ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4). The ionic liquid can be recycled and reused.

Organic reactions in ionic liquids: N-alkylation of phthalimide and several nitrogen heterocycles

N-Alkylation of heterocyclic compounds bearing an acidic hydrogen atom attached to nitrogen with alkyl halides is accomplished in ionic liquids ([bmim]BF4 = 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [bmim]PF6 = 1-butyl-3-methylimida-zolium hexafluorophosphate, [buPy]BF4 = butylpyridinium tetra­fluoroborate) in the presence of potassium hydroxide as a base. In this manner, phthalimide, indole, benzimidazole, succinimide can be successfully alkylated. The procedure is convenient, efficient, and generally affords the N-alkylated product exclusively.

Organic reactions in ionic liquids: cyclocondensation of alpha-bromoketones with 2-aminopyridine

The room temperature ionic liquid 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMImBF4), is used as a `green` recyclable alternative to classical molecular solvents for the cyclocondensation of a-bromoketones with 2-aminopyridine to form 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with rate accelerations and improved yields.

Organic reactions in ionic liquids: oxidative dimerisation of thioamides with phenyliodine(III) diacetate

The room temperature ionic liquid, 1-n-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (BPyBF4), is used as a “green“ recyclable solvent for the oxidative dimerisation of thioamides with phenyliodine(III) diacetate which provides a facile, efficient and environmentally benign method for the synthesis of 3,5-diaryl-1,2,4-thiadiazoles.

Ionic liquid-accelerated arylation of sodium arenesulfinates with diaryliodonium salts used for the synthesis of diaryl sulfones

Arylation of sodium arenesulfinates with diaryliodonium salts can be performed with good yields in the room-temperature ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMim]BF4), which provides an efficient method for the synthesis of diaryl sulfones; the ionic liquid can be recycled and reused.

Organic reactions in ionic liquids: ionic liquid-accelerated nucleophilic substitution reaction of alpha-tosyloxyketones with potassium salts of aromatic acids

The room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]) is used as a ‘green' recyclable alternative to classical molecular solvents for the nucleophilic substitution reaction of a-tosyloxy ketones with potassium salts of aromatic acids. Significant rate enhancement and improved yields have been observed.

Organic reactions in ionic liquids; Ionic liquid-accelerated three-component reaction: a rapid one-pot synthesis of 3-alkyl-5-[(Z)-arylmethylidene]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-diones

A rapid one-pot synthesis of 3-alkyl-5-[(Z)-arylme­thylidene]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dionesis described that occurs in recyclable ionic liquid [bmim]PF6 (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate).Significant rate enhancement and good selectivity have been observed.

Organic reactions in ionic liquids:Alkylation of Meldrum's acid

The room temperature ionic liquid N-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, [bpy]BF4 is used as a "green" recyclable alternative to classical molecular solvents for the alkylation of Meldrum's acid.

Organic reactions in ionic liquids: Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by ethylenediammonium diacetate

The moisture and air stable ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazonium tetrafluoroborate [bmim]BF4 and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazonium hexafluorophosphate [bmim]PF6 were used as ‘green' recyclable alternatives to volatile organic solvents (VOCs) for ethylenediammonium diacetate (EDDA) catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation between aldehydes or ketones with active methylene compounds. Both aldehydes and ketones gave satisfactory results. The ionic liquids containing catalyst EDDA were recycled several times with no decreases in yields and reaction rates. In the case of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, the reactions led to the formation of 3-substituted coumarins under standard reaction conditions.

Organic reactions in ionic liquids: alpha-tosyloxylation of ketones

The room temperature ionic liquid, n-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (BPyBF4) is used as a "green" recyclable alternative to classical molecular solvents for the a-tosyloxylation of ketones.

Organic reactions in ionic liquids: ionic liquid-accelerated cyclocondensation of alpha-tosyloxyketones with 2-aminopyridine

The room temperature ionic liquid it-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (BPyBF4) is used as a `green' recyclable alternative to classical molecular solvents for the cyclocondensation of alpha-tosyloxyketones with 2-aminopyridine. Significant rate enhancements and improved yields have been observed.

Process integration and improvement using systemic diagrams and a human-centred approach

If product cycle time reduction is the mission, and the multifunctional team is the means of achieving the mission, what then is the modus operandi by which this means is to accomplish its mission? This paper asserts that a preferred modus operandi for the multifunctional team is to adopt a process-oriented view of the manufacturing enterprise, and for this it needs the medium of a process map [16] The substance of this paper is a methodology which enables the creation of such maps Specific examples of process models drawn from the product develop ment life cycle are presented and described in order to support the methodology's integrity and value The specific deliverables we have so far obtained are a methodology for process capture and analysis, a collection of process models spanning the product development cycle, and, an engineering handbook which hosts these models and presents a computer-based means of navigating through these processes in order to allow users a better understanding of the nature of the business, their role in it, and why the job that they do benefits the work of the company We assert that this kind of thinking is the essence of concurrent engineering implementation, and further that the systemigram process models uniquely stim ulate and organise such thinking.

Digital control system programming from process control diagrams

A graphical process control language has been developed as a means of defining process control software. The user configures a block diagram describing the required control system, from a menu of functional blocks, using a graphics software system with graphics terminal. Additions may be made to the menu of functional blocks, to extend the system capability, and a group of blocks may be defined as a composite block. This latter feature provides for segmentation of the overall system diagram and the repeated use of the same group of blocks within the system. The completed diagram is analyzed by a graphics compiler which generates the programs and data structure to realise the run-time software. The run-time software has been designed as a data-driven system which allows for modifications at the run-time level in both parameters and system configuration. Data structures have been specified to ensure efficient execution and minimal storage requirements in the final control software. Machine independence has been accomodated as far as possible using CORAL 66 as the high level language throughout the entire system; the final run-time code being generated by a CORAL 66 compiler appropriate to the target processor.