ケニアにおけるテロ関連暴力とその影響 -- 2014年6月のコースト・ンペケトニ事件を中心に

2011年10月のケニア国軍による南部ソマリアへの越境攻撃開始後、ケニアではアッシャバーブの報復攻撃とみられるテロが多発している。そのケニアで、2014年6月、ソマリア国境に近いンペケトニと呼ばれる一帯において大規模な住民襲撃事件が発生した。アッシャバーブがすぐに犯行声明を出したものの、ケニアのケニヤッタ大統領はアッシャバーブの犯行を否定し、「特定コミュニティを標的にしたエスニック・バイオレンス」だとの見解を表明した。ンペケトニ事件は、「悪化するテロ対ケニア政府による治安強化」というこれまでの図式に、いかなる波紋を投じたものだったのだろうか。本稿では、このンペケトニ事件を整理し、ケニア政府側の対応を追いながら、ンペケトニ周辺の土地問題と民族的分布との関係、与野党対立の現状、そしてケニアのインド洋沿岸を舞台に今も続く分離主義運動を中心に事件の背景を探り、今後の影響を考察する。

Political influence in commercial and financial oil trading : the evidence from US firms

International politics affects oil trade. But do financial and commercial traders who participate in spot oil trading also respond to changes in international politics? We construct a firm-level dataset for all U.S. oil-importing companies over 1986-2008 to examine how these firms respond to increases in "political distance" between the U.S. and her trading partners, measured by divergence in their UN General Assembly voting patterns. Consistent with previous macro evidence, we first show that individual firms diversify their oil imports politically, even after controlling for unobserved firm heterogeneity. However, the political pattern of oil imports is not entirely driven by the concerns of hold-up risks, which exist when oil transactions via term contracts are associated with backward vertical FDI that is subject to expropriation. In particular, our results indicate that even financial and commercial traders significantly reduce their oil imports from U.S. political enemies. Interestingly, while these traders diversify their oil imports politically immediately after changes in international politics, other oil companies reduce their oil imports with a significant time lag. Our findings suggest that in designing regulations to avoid harmful repercussions on commodity and financial assets, policymakers need to understand the nature of political risk.

A unified framework of trade in value added : physical, monetary, exchange rates, and GHG emissions

Koopman et al. (2014) developed a method to consistently decompose gross exports in value-added terms that accommodate infinite repercussions of international and inter-sector transactions. This provides a better understanding of trade in value added in global value chains than does the conventional gross exports method, which is affected by double-counting problems. However, the new framework is based on monetary input--output (IO) tables and cannot distinguish prices from quantities; thus, it is unable to consider financial adjustments through the exchange market. In this paper, we propose a framework based on a physical IO system, characterized by its linear programming equivalent that can clarify the various complexities relevant to the existing indicators and is proved to be consistent with Koopman's results when the physical decompositions are evaluated in monetary terms. While international monetary tables are typically described in current U.S. dollars, the physical framework can elucidate the impact of price adjustments through the exchange market. An iterative procedure to calculate the exchange rates is proposed, and we also show that the physical framework is also convenient for considering indicators associated with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.