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em Academic Research Repository at Institute of Developing Economies
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Resumo:
本稿では,多様な社会勢力の共存を分析する準備として,政治的寛容の個人および集団レベルでの規定要因についての実証研究を概観した。その結果は2つにまとめられる。第1に,政治的寛容を規定する個人的要因は権威主義的性格,教育,接触,脅威についてその効果がかなり一般的に確認されている。現在の研究はむしろ,それらの変数が寛容に及ぼす効果を強めるあるいは弱める要因に焦点を移している。第2に,民族的少数派に対する政治的寛容についてみると,近所範囲での民族的多様性は接触効果を促進して寛容を強めるのに対し,より広い地理的単位での民族的多様性は脅威効果を助長して寛容を弱める。すなわち,認識形成には,反復的実体験と社会的言説が強く作用する。また,民主主義の経験は,一般的な政治的寛容を促進するが,民族的寛容に対してはそのような効果が認められなかったことは,先進民主主義国における民族的非寛容性を示唆している。